Introduction.
| Presente | Passato |
|---|---|
| OGGI bevo un caffé. | IERI ho bevuto un caffé. |
| OGGI finisco i compiti. | IERI ho finito i compiti. |
| OGGI mando una lettera. | IERI ho mandato una lett. |
Notice that verbs in the present tense have only one part. The stem shows what action is being done; the ending shows who is doing it. A one-part tense is called a "simple tense."
In the Passato prossimo (present perfect) tense, there are two part to the verb: an auxiliary (either avere or essere depending on which type of action we are describing) which shows who did the action and a past participle which tells which action is completed. A two-part tense is called a "compound tense."
Consider "Ho finito i compiti." "Ho" indicates that "I" did something in the past; "finito" tells the action of "finishing" happened in the past (note the -ito ending.)
Past participles (like "finito") correspond to the English verbs that end -ed: looked, watched, repeated. Since there are three conjugations in Italian (-are, -ire, -ere verbs), there are also three endings to form past participles (-ato, -uto, -ito).
Source: The Italian Program at the University of Kentucky
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