Il congiuntivo (The Subjunctive)
Introduction. Italian and other languages use a special form of the verb in secondary clauses that follow a statement of opinion, belief, hope, desire, etc. This kind of sentence is not purely objective; it has an emotional "spin" so we indicate this with the subjunctive. Forms of the subjunctive are used in the following ways:
1. Impersonal (no precise subject is mentioned) expressions express general attitudes toward facts. These are statements which are generally true.
Bisogna studiare. (= It is necessary to study.)
È importante mangiare.
È necessario dormire.
2. Expressions of will, wish, hope, belief, doubt, surprise, probability, conjecture, opinion, etc. about a specific person. (Here, the main clause is still "impersonal" because there is no specific person named.)
Bisogna che gli studenti studino molto.
È necessario che lei dorma.
3. We often have a specific person expressing an opinion, belief, etc. about another specific person or thing. Here, the main clause is in the normal, indicative tense. The subjunctive must be used in the secondary clause.
(io) Voglio che (tu) finisca i compiti.
(io) Spero che (lei) visiti la nostra città.
(io) Non sono sicura che (Pietro) studi.
4. We can have the same subject in both clauses, i.e. the speaker expresses opinion about him/herself. Then we use the normal indicative for the first verb and the infinitive in the secondary clause.
Desiderano partire con il treno.
(THEY want to leave, and THEY want to leave on the train.)
Voglio riuscire all'esame.
In this type of construction, some verbs take "di" before the infinitive.
Spero di visitare la vostra città.
Sono contenta di partire per Pisa.
Mi dispiace di partire.
Credo di giocare bene
Reflexive pronouns attach to the infinitives:
Voglio mettermi la giacca.
Speriamo di non addormentarci durante la conferenza.
The following are some common expressions which introduce subjunctive clauses:
Volere che...
Spero che...
Bisogna che...
È necessario che...
È possibile che...
È probabile che...
È bene che
È meglio
È giusto
È preferibile
È importante
Desiderare che...
Essere contento che...
Credere che...
Non credere che...
Sembrare (parere) che...
Non sapere se...
Dubitare che...
Essere sorpreso...
Avere paura (temere) che...
Dispiac(ere)...
Source: The Italian Program
at the University of Kentucky
2007/03/29
Sequence of Tenses
La correlazione dei tempi (Sequence of Tenses)
(Note: This is normally taught late in first-year, reviewed in second-year. Doing these exercises requires knowledge of all four subjunctive tenses, conditionals and imperatives.)
It is important that they go to school. > È importante che vadano a scuola.
It is important that they went to school. > È importante che siano andati...
It was important that they went. > Era importante che andassero...
It was important that they had gone... Era importante che fossero andati..
If it were important, they would have gone. > Se fosse importante, sarebbero andati.
Source: The Italian Program at the University of Kentucky
(Note: This is normally taught late in first-year, reviewed in second-year. Doing these exercises requires knowledge of all four subjunctive tenses, conditionals and imperatives.)
It is important that they go to school. > È importante che vadano a scuola.
It is important that they went to school. > È importante che siano andati...
It was important that they went. > Era importante che andassero...
It was important that they had gone... Era importante che fossero andati..
If it were important, they would have gone. > Se fosse importante, sarebbero andati.
Source: The Italian Program at the University of Kentucky
The Passive Voice
The Passive Voice
To form the passive, the verb essere is always used plus the past participle of the verb which describes the action done to the subject. Depending on the tense, you may need to use two past participles in a row: "stato" (for a compound past tense of essere) plus the other verb's past participle.
First determine the tense of the verb in the active tense construction; then use that tense for essere in the passive tense construction. Contrast the following:
ACTIVE: Io ho presentato le signorine. = passato prossimo.
PASSIVE: Le signorine sono state presentate da me.
(Remember: when using essere in compound past tenses, all past participles must agree with the subject.)
Source: The Italian Program at the University of Kentucky
To form the passive, the verb essere is always used plus the past participle of the verb which describes the action done to the subject. Depending on the tense, you may need to use two past participles in a row: "stato" (for a compound past tense of essere) plus the other verb's past participle.
First determine the tense of the verb in the active tense construction; then use that tense for essere in the passive tense construction. Contrast the following:
ACTIVE: Io ho presentato le signorine. = passato prossimo.
PASSIVE: Le signorine sono state presentate da me.
(Remember: when using essere in compound past tenses, all past participles must agree with the subject.)
Source: The Italian Program at the University of Kentucky
Il passato prossimo
Il passato prossimo
Introduction.
Notice that verbs in the present tense have only one part. The stem shows what action is being done; the ending shows who is doing it. A one-part tense is called a "simple tense."
In the Passato prossimo (present perfect) tense, there are two part to the verb: an auxiliary (either avere or essere depending on which type of action we are describing) which shows who did the action and a past participle which tells which action is completed. A two-part tense is called a "compound tense."
Consider "Ho finito i compiti." "Ho" indicates that "I" did something in the past; "finito" tells the action of "finishing" happened in the past (note the -ito ending.)
Past participles (like "finito") correspond to the English verbs that end -ed: looked, watched, repeated. Since there are three conjugations in Italian (-are, -ire, -ere verbs), there are also three endings to form past participles (-ato, -uto, -ito).
Source: The Italian Program at the University of Kentucky
Introduction.
| Presente | Passato |
|---|---|
| OGGI bevo un caffé. | IERI ho bevuto un caffé. |
| OGGI finisco i compiti. | IERI ho finito i compiti. |
| OGGI mando una lettera. | IERI ho mandato una lett. |
Notice that verbs in the present tense have only one part. The stem shows what action is being done; the ending shows who is doing it. A one-part tense is called a "simple tense."
In the Passato prossimo (present perfect) tense, there are two part to the verb: an auxiliary (either avere or essere depending on which type of action we are describing) which shows who did the action and a past participle which tells which action is completed. A two-part tense is called a "compound tense."
Consider "Ho finito i compiti." "Ho" indicates that "I" did something in the past; "finito" tells the action of "finishing" happened in the past (note the -ito ending.)
Past participles (like "finito") correspond to the English verbs that end -ed: looked, watched, repeated. Since there are three conjugations in Italian (-are, -ire, -ere verbs), there are also three endings to form past participles (-ato, -uto, -ito).
Source: The Italian Program at the University of Kentucky
Il passato prossimo
Il passato prossimo
Introduction.
Notice that verbs in the present tense have only one part. The stem shows what action is being done; the ending shows who is doing it. A one-part tense is called a "simple tense."
In the Passato prossimo (present perfect) tense, there are two part to the verb: an auxiliary (either avere or essere depending on which type of action we are describing) which shows who did the action and a past participle which tells which action is completed. A two-part tense is called a "compound tense."
Consider "Ho finito i compiti." "Ho" indicates that "I" did something in the past; "finito" tells the action of "finishing" happened in the past (note the -ito ending.)
Past participles (like "finito") correspond to the English verbs that end -ed: looked, watched, repeated. Since there are three conjugations in Italian (-are, -ire, -ere verbs), there are also three endings to form past participles (-ato, -uto, -ito).
Source: The Italian Program at the University of Kentucky
Introduction.
| Presente | Passato |
|---|---|
| OGGI bevo un caffé. | IERI ho bevuto un caffé. |
| OGGI finisco i compiti. | IERI ho finito i compiti. |
| OGGI mando una lettera. | IERI ho mandato una lett. |
Notice that verbs in the present tense have only one part. The stem shows what action is being done; the ending shows who is doing it. A one-part tense is called a "simple tense."
In the Passato prossimo (present perfect) tense, there are two part to the verb: an auxiliary (either avere or essere depending on which type of action we are describing) which shows who did the action and a past participle which tells which action is completed. A two-part tense is called a "compound tense."
Consider "Ho finito i compiti." "Ho" indicates that "I" did something in the past; "finito" tells the action of "finishing" happened in the past (note the -ito ending.)
Past participles (like "finito") correspond to the English verbs that end -ed: looked, watched, repeated. Since there are three conjugations in Italian (-are, -ire, -ere verbs), there are also three endings to form past participles (-ato, -uto, -ito).
Source: The Italian Program at the University of Kentucky
2007/03/10
動詞の法・時制
動詞の法・時制
| 法(叙法） | 時制 | 変化形 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 不定法 | 不定詞(l'infinito) | 現在 | amare; tornare |
| 過去 | aver amato; essere tornato | ||
| 分詞 | 現在 | amante | |
| 過去(participio passato) | amato | ||
| ジェルンディオ(il gerundio) | 現在 | amando | |
| 過去(il gerundio composto) | avendo amato; essendo tornato | ||
| 直説法 | 現在(presente) | amo ... | |
| 近過去(passato prossimo) | ho amato; sono tornato ... | ||
| 半過去(imperfetto) | amavo ... | ||
| 遠過去(passato remoto) | amai ... | ||
| 大過去(trapassato prossimo) | avevo amato; ero tornato ... | ||
| 先立過去(trapassato remoto) | ebbi amato; fui tornato ... | ||
| 単純未来(futuro semplice) | amerò ... | ||
| 先立未来(futuro anteriore) | avrò amato; sarò tornato ... | ||
| 条件法 | 現在(condizionale presente) | amerei ... | |
| 過去(condizionale passato) | avrei amato; sarei tornato | 接続法(congiuntivo) | 現在 (congiuntivo) | ami ... |
| 過去(congiuntivo passato) | abbia amato; sia tornato ... | ||
| 半過去(congiuntivo imperfetto) | amassi ... | ||
| 大過去(congiuntivo trapassato) | avessi amato; fossi tornato ... | ||
| 命令法(l'imperativo) | 現在 | -- , ama ... | |
- 直説法現在
- (1) La porta si apre all'improviso. [瞬間]
Legge ancora il giornale. [進行]
Io non mangio molto. [習慣]
Lui è impiegato statale. [身分]
(2) La terra è rotonda. [普遍性]
(3) Domani parto per Venezia. [未来、意志]
Il samurai montò in sella, ecco grida. [過去、叙述の生彩さ] - 直説法近過去：《avere, essere の現在+過去分詞》
- (1) Mi hanno rubato la borsa. [動作]
Ho tentato l'esame più di tre volte. [経験]
(2) Ho appena pranzato.
Abbiamo fatto progressi notevoli.
(3) Quando hofinito, tornerò a casa. - 直説法半過去
- (1) Mio padre lavorava all'estero. [過去において継続していた状態]
(2) Da piccola giocava sempre con le bambole. [過去の反復行為・習慣]
(3) Il cielo era tutto buio, quando l'elicottero cominciò ad atterrare. [過去における周囲の状況説明]
(4) Mentre tutti studiavano, lui guardava fuori. [同時に起こった過去の事実] - 直説法遠過去
- (1) La ragazza gli sussurrò una parola all'orecchio. [過去のある時点で完了した行為]
(2) Marco Polo morì a Venezia nel 1324. [歴史的事実] - 直説法大過去：《avere, essere の半過去+過去分詞》
- L'autobus era già partito, quando lui arrivò alla fermata. [ある過去に対して、それ以前に終わっていた行為を示す]
- 直説法先立過去：《avere, essere の遠過去+過去分詞》
- Appena fu arrivato, partì l'autobus.
- 直説法（単純）未来
- (1) Verrà domani.
(2) "Dov'è Mario?" "Sarà dal dentista." [現在の推量]
Amerai il prossimo tuo come te stesso. [未来・強い要請、稀に婉曲の頼み] - 直説法先立未来：《avere, essere の未来+過去分詞》
- (1) Quando avrò comprato il biglietto, salirò in autobus. [ある未来にたいして、それ以前に終わるであろう行為を示す]
(2) Sarà partito per la villeggiatura. [過去時制での、推量を表す] - 条件法現在
- Vorrei parlare con il direttore. [婉曲・丁寧]
Quando ritornerebbe lui? [推定]
Oggi andrei in ufficio. [可能・推定] - 条件法過去：《avere, essere の条件法現在+過去分詞》
- Ieri sarei andato in chiesa, ma non ho potuto. 昨日教会へ行くつもりだったが、実は行けなかった。
Mi disse che avrebbe fatto per giovedi. 彼は木曜日までにしておきましょうと私に告げた。[過去での未来]
Sarebbero state le 6, quando tornò a casa sua. 彼が家に帰ったのは、あるいは6時だったかもしれない。[過去の推量] - 接続法現在
- Spero che ci venga anche lui. [願望]
Ho paura che sia troppo tardi. [恐れ]
Non so se lui ci riesca. [否定]
Può darsi che lei mi scriva. [非人称]
Parto prima che faccia caldo. [特定の接続詞]
Dovunque tu vada, ritorna qui alle nove. [譲歩の接続詞]
Ti presentero qualcuno che sappia el tedesco. [先行詞が不特定詞]
- 接続法過去：《avere, essere の接続法現在+過去分詞》
- Credo che lui abbia imparato a sciare.
Penseranno che io sia partito. - 接続法半過去
- Immaginavo che fosse vero.
Sarebbe possibile che dicesse bugie. - 接続法大過去:《avere, essere の接続法半過去+過去分詞》
- Non sapeva che si fossero sposati.
Desidererei che lui si fosse laureato.
Avrei sospettato che lei se ne fosse pentita.
2007/03/02
Past Perfect Subjunctive Tense（接続法大過去形）
Past Perfect Subjunctive Tense
*update:
接続法大過去形：《avere または essere の接続法半過去 + 過去分詞》
To complete the fourth of subjunctive-tense verb forms, there's the congiuntivo trapassato (referred to as the past perfect subjunctive in English), which is a compound tense. Form this tense with the congiuntivo imperfetto of the auxiliary verb avere or essere and the past participle of the acting verb (see the table below).
Here are a few examples of the trapassato congiuntivo:
Speravo che avessero capito. (I was hoping they had understood.)
Avevo paura che non avessero risolto quel problema. (I was afraid they hadn't resolved that problem.)
Vorrebbero che io raccontassi una storia. (They would like me to tell a story.)
Non volevo che tu lo facessi così presto. (I didn't want you to do it as soon.)
Source
*update:
接続法大過去形：《avere または essere の接続法半過去 + 過去分詞》
| trovare | avessi trovato, avessi trovato, ... avessero trovato |
| partire | fossi partito(-a), fossi partito(-a), ... fossero trovati(-e) |
To complete the fourth of subjunctive-tense verb forms, there's the congiuntivo trapassato (referred to as the past perfect subjunctive in English), which is a compound tense. Form this tense with the congiuntivo imperfetto of the auxiliary verb avere or essere and the past participle of the acting verb (see the table below).
| PRONOUN | AVERE | ESSERE |
|---|---|---|
| che io | avessi avuto | fossi stato(-a) |
| che tu | avessi avuto | fossi stato(-a) |
| che lui/lei/Lei | avesse avuto | fosse stato(-a) |
| che noi | avessimo avuto | fossimo stati(-e) |
| che voi | aveste avuto | foste stati(-e) |
| che loro/Loro | avessero avuto | fossero stati(-e) |
Here are a few examples of the trapassato congiuntivo:
Speravo che avessero capito. (I was hoping they had understood.)
Avevo paura che non avessero risolto quel problema. (I was afraid they hadn't resolved that problem.)
Vorrebbero che io raccontassi una storia. (They would like me to tell a story.)
Non volevo che tu lo facessi così presto. (I didn't want you to do it as soon.)
Source
Imperfect Subjunctive Tense（接続法半過去形）
Imperfect Subjunctive Tense
update:
The imperfect subjunctive (congiuntivo imperfetto) is required when the verb in the dependent clause is in a past tense or the conditional. For conjugations of three regular verbs, see the table below.
Here are a few examples of the congiuntivo imperfetto:
Credevo che avessero ragione. (I thought they were right.)
Non era probabile che prendessimo una decisione. (It wasn't likely we would make a decision.)
Non c'era nessuno che ci capisse. (There was no one who understood us.)
Il razzismo era il peggior problema che ci fosse. (Racism was the worst problem there was.)
Source
update:
| PRONOUN | essere | avere | trovare | potere | partire |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| che io | fossi | avessi | trovassi | potessi | partissi |
| che tu | fossi | avessi | trovassi | potessi | partissi |
| che lui/lei/Lei | fosse | avesse | trovasse | potesse | partisse |
| che noi | fossimo | avessimo | trovassimo | potessimo | partissimo |
| che voi | foste | aveste | trovaste | poteste | partiste |
| che loro/Loro | fossero | avessero | trovassero | potessero | partissero |
The imperfect subjunctive (congiuntivo imperfetto) is required when the verb in the dependent clause is in a past tense or the conditional. For conjugations of three regular verbs, see the table below.
| PRONOUN | CANTARE | SAPERE | FINIRE |
|---|---|---|---|
| che io | cantassi | sapessi | finissi |
| che tu | cantassi | sapessi | finissi |
| che lui/lei/Lei | cantasse | sapesse | finisse |
| che noi | cantassimo | sapessimo | finissimo |
| che voi | cantaste | sapeste | finiste |
| che loro/Loro | cantassero | sapessero | finissero |
Here are a few examples of the congiuntivo imperfetto:
Credevo che avessero ragione. (I thought they were right.)
Non era probabile che prendessimo una decisione. (It wasn't likely we would make a decision.)
Non c'era nessuno che ci capisse. (There was no one who understood us.)
Il razzismo era il peggior problema che ci fosse. (Racism was the worst problem there was.)
Source
Present Perfect Subjunctive Tense(接続法過去形）
Present Perfect Subjunctive Tense
update:
接続法過去形：《avere または essere の接続法現在 + 過去分詞》
接続法の用法：
1) 主文の動詞が意見、願望、意志、命令、恐れ、感情などを表すとき、che に続く従属文の中で用いられる。
2) 非人称構文 è possibile che ...、è necessario che ...、bisogna che ...、sembra che ...、para che ... などに続く従属文のなかで用いられる。
3) benche ...（...にもかかわらず）、nonostante che ...（...にもかかわらず）、affin che ...（...するために）、punche ...（...しさえすれば）などいくつかの接続詞に続く従属文の中で用いられる。 4) 最上級およびそれに準ずる表現 (primo, solo, unico) のあとの関係代名詞に続く従属文の中で用いられる。
As you've probably figured out by now, if there's a congiuntivo presente, there's a congiuntivo passato (present perfect subjunctive). And like other verb tense formations, the congiuntivo passato is a compound tense formed with the congiuntivo presente of the auxiliary verb avere or essere and the past participle of the acting verb.
Here are a few examples of the congiuntivo passato:
Credo che abbiano ripreso le discussioni. (I think they resumed discussions.)
Mi dispiace che abbia parlato cos�. (I'm sorry that he spoke that way.)
Siamo contenti che siano venuti. (We're glad they came.)
Non credo che siano andati in Italia. (I don't believe they went to Italy.)
Source
update:
接続法過去形：《avere または essere の接続法現在 + 過去分詞》
接続法の用法：
1) 主文の動詞が意見、願望、意志、命令、恐れ、感情などを表すとき、che に続く従属文の中で用いられる。
2) 非人称構文 è possibile che ...、è necessario che ...、bisogna che ...、sembra che ...、para che ... などに続く従属文のなかで用いられる。
3) benche ...（...にもかかわらず）、nonostante che ...（...にもかかわらず）、affin che ...（...するために）、punche ...（...しさえすれば）などいくつかの接続詞に続く従属文の中で用いられる。 4) 最上級およびそれに準ずる表現 (primo, solo, unico) のあとの関係代名詞に続く従属文の中で用いられる。
As you've probably figured out by now, if there's a congiuntivo presente, there's a congiuntivo passato (present perfect subjunctive). And like other verb tense formations, the congiuntivo passato is a compound tense formed with the congiuntivo presente of the auxiliary verb avere or essere and the past participle of the acting verb.
| PRONOUN | AVERE | ESSERE |
|---|---|---|
| che io | abbia avuto | sia stato(-a) |
| che tu | abbia avuto | sia stato(-a) |
| che lui/lei/Lei | abbia avuto | sia stato(-a) |
| che noi | abbiamo avuto | siamo stati(-e) |
| che voi | abbiate avuto | siate stati(-e) |
| che loro/Loro | abbiano avuto | siano stati(-e) |
Here are a few examples of the congiuntivo passato:
Credo che abbiano ripreso le discussioni. (I think they resumed discussions.)
Mi dispiace che abbia parlato cos�. (I'm sorry that he spoke that way.)
Siamo contenti che siano venuti. (We're glad they came.)
Non credo che siano andati in Italia. (I don't believe they went to Italy.)
Source
Present Subjunctive Tense(接続法現在形）
Present Subjunctive Tense
Language is fluid, and usage changes. A case in point is the subjunctive (il congiuntivo), which in English is rapidly becoming extinct. Phrases like "I suggest you go home immediately" and "Robert wishes that you open the window" are not in frequent use anymore.
In Italian, though, the subjunctive tense is alive and flourishing, both in speaking and writing. Rather than stating facts, it expresses doubt, possibility, uncertainty, or personal feelings. It can also express emotion, desire, or suggestions. The table below provides examples of three regular verbs conjugated in the present subjunctive tense.
Typical phrases that call for the subjunctive tense include:
Credo che... (I believe that...)
Suppongo che... (I suppose that...)
Immagino che... (I imagine that...)
È necessario che... (It is necessary that...)
Mi piace che... (I'd like that...)
Non vale la pena che... (It's not worth it that...)
Non suggerisco che... (I'm not suggesting that...)
Può darsi che... (It's possible that...)
Penso che... (I think that...)
Non sono certo che... (I'm not sure that...)
È probabile che... (It is probable that...)
Ho l'impressione che... (I have the impression that...)
Certain verbs such as suggerire (to suggest), sperare (to hope), desiderare (to wish), and insistere (to insist) require use of the subjunctive.
Source
Language is fluid, and usage changes. A case in point is the subjunctive (il congiuntivo), which in English is rapidly becoming extinct. Phrases like "I suggest you go home immediately" and "Robert wishes that you open the window" are not in frequent use anymore.
In Italian, though, the subjunctive tense is alive and flourishing, both in speaking and writing. Rather than stating facts, it expresses doubt, possibility, uncertainty, or personal feelings. It can also express emotion, desire, or suggestions. The table below provides examples of three regular verbs conjugated in the present subjunctive tense.
| PRONOUN | -ARE VERB | -ERE VERB | -IRE VERBS | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| che io | parli | scriva | senta | capisca |
| che tu | parli | scriva | senta | capisca |
| che lui/lei/Lei | parli | scriva | senta | capisca |
| che noi | parliamo | scriviamo | sentiamo | capiamo |
| che voi | parliate | scriviate | sentiate | capiate |
| che loro/Loro | parlino | scrivano | sentano | capiscano |
Typical phrases that call for the subjunctive tense include:
Credo che... (I believe that...)
Suppongo che... (I suppose that...)
Immagino che... (I imagine that...)
È necessario che... (It is necessary that...)
Mi piace che... (I'd like that...)
Non vale la pena che... (It's not worth it that...)
Non suggerisco che... (I'm not suggesting that...)
Può darsi che... (It's possible that...)
Penso che... (I think that...)
Non sono certo che... (I'm not sure that...)
È probabile che... (It is probable that...)
Ho l'impressione che... (I have the impression that...)
Certain verbs such as suggerire (to suggest), sperare (to hope), desiderare (to wish), and insistere (to insist) require use of the subjunctive.
Source
Conditional Perfect Tense(条件法過去形）
Conditional Perfect Tense
*update
条件法過去形：《avere または essere の条件法現在 + 過去分詞》
用法：過去から見た未来を表す、つまり主文の動詞が過去（直説法の近過去、半過去、遠過去）のとき、従属文中で、それ以後に起こる事柄が条件法過去で表されるのである。
Disse* che l'avrebbe fatto e che si sarebbe comportato meglio in avvenire.「彼は、それをなして将来はもっとりっぱに振舞うだろうと言った。」
Alcuni dicevano* che voi avreste partecipato al concorso e certamente uno di voi sarebbe riuscito il primo.「ある人たちは、君らがコンクールに参加して、君たちのうちの一人がきっと一番になるだろうと言っていた。」
The conditional perfect (condizionale passato), like all compound tenses in Italian, is formed with the condizionale presente of the auxiliary verb avere or essere and the past participle of the acting verb. Conjugated forms of avere and essere appear in the following table.
Here are a few examples of the condizionale passato in action. Remember that verbs conjugated with essere must change their endings to agree in number and gender with the subject:Conditional Perfect Tense
Avremme potuto ballare tutta la notte. (I could have danced all night.)
Avreste dovuto invitarlo. (You ought to have invited him.)
Saremmo andati volentieri alla Scala, ma non abbiamo potuto. (We would gladly have gone to La Scala, but we weren't able to.)
Mirella sarebbe andata volentieri al cinema. (Mirella would have been happy to go to the cinema.) Conditional Perfect Tense
Source
*update
条件法過去形：《avere または essere の条件法現在 + 過去分詞》
| amare | avrei amato, avresti amato ... |
| arrivare | sarei arrivato(-a), saresti arrivato(-a) ... |
用法：過去から見た未来を表す、つまり主文の動詞が過去（直説法の近過去、半過去、遠過去）のとき、従属文中で、それ以後に起こる事柄が条件法過去で表されるのである。
Disse* che l'avrebbe fatto e che si sarebbe comportato meglio in avvenire.「彼は、それをなして将来はもっとりっぱに振舞うだろうと言った。」
Alcuni dicevano* che voi avreste partecipato al concorso e certamente uno di voi sarebbe riuscito il primo.「ある人たちは、君らがコンクールに参加して、君たちのうちの一人がきっと一番になるだろうと言っていた。」
| dire | (passato remoto)遠過去形 | (imperfetto)半過去形 |
|---|---|---|
| io | dissi | dicevo |
| tu | dicesti | dicevi |
| lui, lei, Lei | disse* | diceva |
| noi | dicemmo | dicevamo |
| voi | diceste | dicevate |
| loro, Loro | dissero | dicevano* |
The conditional perfect (condizionale passato), like all compound tenses in Italian, is formed with the condizionale presente of the auxiliary verb avere or essere and the past participle of the acting verb. Conjugated forms of avere and essere appear in the following table.
| PERSON | SINGULAR | PLURAL |
|---|---|---|
| I | (io) avrei, sarei | (noi) avremmo, saremmo |
| II | (tu) avresti, saresti | (voi) avreste, sareste |
| III | (lui, lei, Lei) avrebbe, sarebbe | (loro, Loro) avrebbero, sarebbero |
Here are a few examples of the condizionale passato in action. Remember that verbs conjugated with essere must change their endings to agree in number and gender with the subject:Conditional Perfect Tense
Avremme potuto ballare tutta la notte. (I could have danced all night.)
Avreste dovuto invitarlo. (You ought to have invited him.)
Saremmo andati volentieri alla Scala, ma non abbiamo potuto. (We would gladly have gone to La Scala, but we weren't able to.)
Mirella sarebbe andata volentieri al cinema. (Mirella would have been happy to go to the cinema.) Conditional Perfect Tense
Source
Present Conditional Tense(条件法現在形）
Present Conditional Tense
The present conditional tense (condizionale presente) is equivalent to the English constructions of "would" + verb (for example: I would never forget). Forming conditionals is easy: just take any verb, drop the final -e in its infinitive form, and add an appropriate ending — endings are the same for all three conjugation groups of verbs. The only spelling change occurs with -are verbs, which change the a of the infinitive ending to e. For details, see the table below.
Reflexive verbs follow the same scheme, with the addition of the reflexive pronouns mi, ti, si, ci, vi, or si when conjugating them: mi laverei, ti laveresti, si laverebbe, ci laveremmo, vi lavereste, si laverebbero. Here are some examples of conditional-tense sentences:
Vorrei un caffè. (I would like a coffee.)
Scriverei a mia madre, ma non ho tempo. (I would write to my mother, but I don't have time.)
Mi daresti il biglietto per la partita? (Would you give me a ticket for the game?)
*update: (NHK Text)
◆条件法 Potrebbe ～? / Potresti ～?（より丁寧な依頼）
もっと大きな声で話し手いただけますか。よく聞こえないのです。
Potrebbe (Potresti) parlare più forte?
▼ Sarebbe: essere の条件法 Lei の活用形
《Sarebbe così gentile da + 動詞の原型》？
Sarebbe così gentile da spostare la Sua horsa?
《Vuole essere così gentile da + 動詞の原型》？
Vuole essere così gentile da mettere su la valigia?
◆条件法
二人称：[依頼]
Puoi venire domani? 明日来てくれる？ -> Potresti venire domani?（できれば）明日いらしてくださる？
Siete così gentili da venire anche domani? 明日もいらしていただけますか（複数の人に依頼）。 -> Sareste così gentili da venire anche domani? おそれいりますが（できれば）明日もいらしていただけますか？
一人称：[語調を和らげて]
Posso darti una mano? 手伝いましょうか -> Potrei darti una mano?（いやでなかれば）
Voglio andare in Italia イタリアに行きたい（絶対）。 -> Vorrei andare in Italia. イタリアに行きたいなあ。
Source
The present conditional tense (condizionale presente) is equivalent to the English constructions of "would" + verb (for example: I would never forget). Forming conditionals is easy: just take any verb, drop the final -e in its infinitive form, and add an appropriate ending — endings are the same for all three conjugation groups of verbs. The only spelling change occurs with -are verbs, which change the a of the infinitive ending to e. For details, see the table below.
| PRONOUN | PARLARE | CREDERE | SENTIRE |
| io | parlerei | crederei | sentirei |
| tu | parleresti | crederesti | sentiresti |
| lui/lei/Lei | parlerebbe | crederebbe | sentirebbe |
| noi | parleremmo | crederemmo | sentiremmo |
| voi | parlereste | credereste | sentireste |
| loro/Loro | parlerebbero | crederebbero | sentirebbero |
Reflexive verbs follow the same scheme, with the addition of the reflexive pronouns mi, ti, si, ci, vi, or si when conjugating them: mi laverei, ti laveresti, si laverebbe, ci laveremmo, vi lavereste, si laverebbero. Here are some examples of conditional-tense sentences:
Vorrei un caffè. (I would like a coffee.)
Scriverei a mia madre, ma non ho tempo. (I would write to my mother, but I don't have time.)
Mi daresti il biglietto per la partita? (Would you give me a ticket for the game?)
*update: (NHK Text)
◆条件法 Potrebbe ～? / Potresti ～?（より丁寧な依頼）
もっと大きな声で話し手いただけますか。よく聞こえないのです。
Potrebbe (Potresti) parlare più forte?
▼ Sarebbe: essere の条件法 Lei の活用形
《Sarebbe così gentile da + 動詞の原型》？
Sarebbe così gentile da spostare la Sua horsa?
《Vuole essere così gentile da + 動詞の原型》？
Vuole essere così gentile da mettere su la valigia?
◆条件法
| essere | potere | volere | |
|---|---|---|---|
| io | sarei | potrei | vorrei |
| tu | saresti | potresti | vorresti |
| lui/lei/Lei | sarebbe | potrebbe | vorrebbe |
| noi | saremmo | potremmo | vorremmo |
| voi | sareste | potreste | vorreste |
| loro | sarebbero | potrebbero | vorrebbero |
二人称：[依頼]
Puoi venire domani? 明日来てくれる？ -> Potresti venire domani?（できれば）明日いらしてくださる？
Siete così gentili da venire anche domani? 明日もいらしていただけますか（複数の人に依頼）。 -> Sareste così gentili da venire anche domani? おそれいりますが（できれば）明日もいらしていただけますか？
一人称：[語調を和らげて]
Posso darti una mano? 手伝いましょうか -> Potrei darti una mano?（いやでなかれば）
Voglio andare in Italia イタリアに行きたい（絶対）。 -> Vorrei andare in Italia. イタリアに行きたいなあ。
Source
2007/02/24
Future Perfect Tense（前未来形）
Future Perfect Tense
*update:
1) ある未来の事実（単純未来で表される）に先立って完了するであろう動作状態を表す。
Tuo figlio sarà diventato grande quando ritornerai.
2)未来のある時までに完了してしまうであろう動作・状態を表す。
A quell'ora avranno finito il lavoro.
3)過去の事実を推測するときに用いられる。
Dove si saranno nascosti?
How to express the idea of "I will have" or "they will have"? Use the futuro anteriore or future perfect tense. Here is what it looks like:
Alle sette avremo già mangiato. (By seven we'll already have eaten.) Noi avremo parlato al padre di Anna. (We will already have spoken to Anna's father.)
The futuro anteriore is a compound tense formed with the regular future-tense form of the auxiliary verb avere or essere and the past participle of the acting verb. The table below contains the full conjugation forms of verbs in futuro anteriore.
Source
*update:
1) ある未来の事実（単純未来で表される）に先立って完了するであろう動作状態を表す。
Tuo figlio sarà diventato grande quando ritornerai.
2)未来のある時までに完了してしまうであろう動作・状態を表す。
A quell'ora avranno finito il lavoro.
3)過去の事実を推測するときに用いられる。
Dove si saranno nascosti?
How to express the idea of "I will have" or "they will have"? Use the futuro anteriore or future perfect tense. Here is what it looks like:
Alle sette avremo già mangiato. (By seven we'll already have eaten.) Noi avremo parlato al padre di Anna. (We will already have spoken to Anna's father.)
The futuro anteriore is a compound tense formed with the regular future-tense form of the auxiliary verb avere or essere and the past participle of the acting verb. The table below contains the full conjugation forms of verbs in futuro anteriore.
| PERSON | SINGULAR | PLURAL |
|---|---|---|
| I | (io) avrò avuto, sarò andato(a) | (noi) avremo avuto, saremo andati(e) |
| II | (tu) avrai avuto, sarai andato(a) | (voi) avrete avuto, sarete andati(e) |
| III | (lui, lei, Lei) avrà avuto, sarà andato(a) | (loro, Loro) avranno avuto, saranno andati(e) |
Source
Future Tense(単純未来形）
Future Tense
The future tense in Italian expresses an action that will take place in the future. Although in English the future is expressed with the helping verb "will" or the phrase "to be going to," in Italian a verb ending marks it as being set in the future tense. For example:
Alla fine di settembre partirò per Roma. (At the end of September I will leave for Rome.)
First-Conjugation Verbs
The future tense (futuro semplice) of first-conjugation regular (-are) verbs is formed first by changing the infinitive ending -are into -er to obtain the root for the future tense. The following future endings are then added to the root: -ò, -ai, -à, -emo, -ete, -anno. (The following table includes a sample conjugation of the verb cantare.)
Second- and Third-Conjugation Verbs
The future tense of regular second- and third-conjugation (-ere and -ire) verbs is formed by simply dropping the final -e of the infinitive to obtain the stem and adding to the stem the following future endings: -ò, -ai, -à, -emo, -ete, -anno (the same endings, in fact, as those added to the first-conjugation group). For a sample conjugation, see the table below, which conjugates the verbs credere and partire.
Future Tense of Irregular Verbs
In the future tense, the verbs dare, stare, and fare simply drop the final -e of their infinitives and form the stems dar-, star- and far-, respectively; the stem of essere is sar-. These stems are then combined with the regular future-tense endings.
The verbs listed below also have an irregularly shortened stem in the future tense (usually, because the vowel a or e is dropped from the infinitive).
Also be aware of the spelling of verbs with infinitives ending in -ciare and -giare. These verbs drop the i before adding the future endings to the root: tu comincerai, noi viaggeremo. Also, verbs with infinitives ending in -care and -gare add an h to the root for the future to preserve the hard sound of the c or g of the infinitive: io cercherò, loro pagheranno.
Source
The future tense in Italian expresses an action that will take place in the future. Although in English the future is expressed with the helping verb "will" or the phrase "to be going to," in Italian a verb ending marks it as being set in the future tense. For example:
Alla fine di settembre partirò per Roma. (At the end of September I will leave for Rome.)
First-Conjugation Verbs
The future tense (futuro semplice) of first-conjugation regular (-are) verbs is formed first by changing the infinitive ending -are into -er to obtain the root for the future tense. The following future endings are then added to the root: -ò, -ai, -à, -emo, -ete, -anno. (The following table includes a sample conjugation of the verb cantare.)
| PERSON | SINGULAR | PLURAL |
|---|---|---|
| I | (io) canterò | (noi) canteremo |
| II | (tu) canterai | (voi) canterete |
| III | (lui, lei, Lei) canterà | (loro, Loro) canteranno |
Second- and Third-Conjugation Verbs
The future tense of regular second- and third-conjugation (-ere and -ire) verbs is formed by simply dropping the final -e of the infinitive to obtain the stem and adding to the stem the following future endings: -ò, -ai, -à, -emo, -ete, -anno (the same endings, in fact, as those added to the first-conjugation group). For a sample conjugation, see the table below, which conjugates the verbs credere and partire.
| PERSON | SINGULAR | PLURAL |
|---|---|---|
| I | (io) crederò, partirò | (noi) crederemo, partiremo |
| II | crederai, partirai | (voi) crederete, partirete |
| III | (lui, lei, Lei) crederà, partirà | (loro, Loro) crederanno, partiranno |
Future Tense of Irregular Verbs
In the future tense, the verbs dare, stare, and fare simply drop the final -e of their infinitives and form the stems dar-, star- and far-, respectively; the stem of essere is sar-. These stems are then combined with the regular future-tense endings.
The verbs listed below also have an irregularly shortened stem in the future tense (usually, because the vowel a or e is dropped from the infinitive).
| INFINITIVE | FUTURE STEM |
|---|---|
| andare | andr- |
| avere | avr- |
| cadere | cadr- |
| dovere | dovr- |
| potere | potr- |
| sapere | sapr- |
| vedere | vedr- |
| vivere | vivr- |
Also be aware of the spelling of verbs with infinitives ending in -ciare and -giare. These verbs drop the i before adding the future endings to the root: tu comincerai, noi viaggeremo. Also, verbs with infinitives ending in -care and -gare add an h to the root for the future to preserve the hard sound of the c or g of the infinitive: io cercherò, loro pagheranno.
Source
2007/02/20
Preterite Perfect Tense（先立過去）
Preterite Perfect Tense
update:
先立過去形：《avere または essere の遠過去 + 過去分詞》
先立過去の用途：
過去におけるある動作・状態（遠過去で表される）の直前に起こった事柄を表し、「... するや否や ... した」のような文章で用いられる。
Used primarily in literary contexts, the trapassato remoto (known in English as the preterite perfect) is a compound tense formed with the passato remoto of the auxiliary verb avere or essere and the past participle of the acting verb. To see how avere and essere conjugate in the remote past tense, see the tables below.
In each sentence set in the trapassato remoto, you will encounter an expression of time, such as the following: appena (scarcely), dopo che (as soon as), or finché non (up until). For example:
Partirono, quando ebbero ricevuto la notizia. (They were leaving when they received the notice.)
Renata entrò, appena Giorgio fu uscito. (Renata entered just after Giorgio had left.)
Andò a casa, quando ebbe finito di lavorare. (He went home when he had finished working.)
Source
update:
先立過去形：《avere または essere の遠過去 + 過去分詞》
| dire | venire |
|---|---|
| ebbi detto | fui venuto(-a) |
| avesti detto | fosti venuto(-a) |
| ebbe detto | fu venuto(-a) |
| avemmo detto | fummo venuti(-e) |
| aveste detto | foste venuti(-e) |
| ebbero detto | furono venuti(-e) |
先立過去の用途：
過去におけるある動作・状態（遠過去で表される）の直前に起こった事柄を表し、「... するや否や ... した」のような文章で用いられる。
Used primarily in literary contexts, the trapassato remoto (known in English as the preterite perfect) is a compound tense formed with the passato remoto of the auxiliary verb avere or essere and the past participle of the acting verb. To see how avere and essere conjugate in the remote past tense, see the tables below.
| PERSON | SINGULAR | PLURAL |
|---|---|---|
| I | (io) ebbi | (noi) avemmo |
| II | (tu) avesti | (voi) aveste |
| III | (lui, lei, Lei) ebbe | (loro, Loro) ebbero |
| PERSON | SINGULAR | PLURAL |
|---|---|---|
| I | (io) fui | (noi) fummo |
| II | (tu) fosti | (voi) foste |
| III | (lui, lei, Lei) fu | (loro, Loro) furono |
In each sentence set in the trapassato remoto, you will encounter an expression of time, such as the following: appena (scarcely), dopo che (as soon as), or finché non (up until). For example:
Partirono, quando ebbero ricevuto la notizia. (They were leaving when they received the notice.)
Renata entrò, appena Giorgio fu uscito. (Renata entered just after Giorgio had left.)
Andò a casa, quando ebbe finito di lavorare. (He went home when he had finished working.)
Source
Past Perfect Tense（大過去形）
Past Perfect Tense
**update:
大過去の用法：過去のある動作・状態（近過去、半過去、遠過去で表される）よりもさらに以前に完了してしまった動作・状態を表す。
update (NHK Text)
Ho parlato del film che avevo visto il giorno prima.「私は前の日に見た映画について話しました」
Il prezzo è diverso da quello che [voi] mi avevate comunicato.「値段が、あなたがたが(前に）私に知らせていたのと違います」
In English the past perfect tense (trapassato prossimo) is formed with the auxiliary "had" + the past participle of the main verb. In Italian, the trapassato prossimo, a compound tense, is formed with the imperfetto of the auxiliary verb avere or essere and the past participle of the acting verb.
The students were tired because they had studied until late. He didn't go to the theater because he had already seen the film. The past perfect tense (trapassato prossimo) is used when two actions happened at different times in the past.
Here are a few examples of the trapassato prossimo:
Già erano partiti quando sono arrivato. (They had already left when I arrived.)
Avevo chiuso le finestre quando è cominciato a piovere. (I had shut the windows when it started to rain.)
La macchina sbandava perché aveva piovuto. (The car was sliding because it had rained.)
Source
**update:
大過去の用法：過去のある動作・状態（近過去、半過去、遠過去で表される）よりもさらに以前に完了してしまった動作・状態を表す。
update (NHK Text)
Ho parlato del film che avevo visto il giorno prima.「私は前の日に見た映画について話しました」
Il prezzo è diverso da quello che [voi] mi avevate comunicato.「値段が、あなたがたが(前に）私に知らせていたのと違います」
In English the past perfect tense (trapassato prossimo) is formed with the auxiliary "had" + the past participle of the main verb. In Italian, the trapassato prossimo, a compound tense, is formed with the imperfetto of the auxiliary verb avere or essere and the past participle of the acting verb.
| PRONOUN | PARLARE | CREDERE | FINIRE |
| io | avevo parlato | avevo creduto | avevo finito |
| tu | avevi parlato | avevi creduto | avevi finito |
| lui/lei/Lei | aveva parlato | aveva creduto | aveva finito |
| noi | avevamo parlato | avevamo creduto | avevamo finito |
| voi | avevate parlato | avevate creduto | avevate finito |
| loro/Loro | avevano parlato | avevano creduto | avevano finito |
| PRONOUN | ANDARE | CADERE | USCIRE |
| io | ero andato(-a) | ero caduto(-a) | ero uscito(-a) |
| tu | eri andato(-a) | eri caduto(-a) | eri uscito(-a) |
| lui/lei/Lei | era andato(-a) | era caduto(-a) | era uscito(-a) |
| noi | eravamo andati(-e) | eravamo caduti(-e) | eravamo usciti(-e) |
| voi | eravate andati(-e) | eravate caduti(-e) | eravate usciti(-e) |
| loro/Loro | erano andati(-e) | erano caduti(-e) | erano usciti(-e) |
The students were tired because they had studied until late. He didn't go to the theater because he had already seen the film. The past perfect tense (trapassato prossimo) is used when two actions happened at different times in the past.
Here are a few examples of the trapassato prossimo:
Già erano partiti quando sono arrivato. (They had already left when I arrived.)
Avevo chiuso le finestre quando è cominciato a piovere. (I had shut the windows when it started to rain.)
La macchina sbandava perché aveva piovuto. (The car was sliding because it had rained.)
Source
Remote Past Tense（遠過去形）
Remote Past Tense
The remote past tense (passato remoto) is a simple tense and is formed by one word. In general, it refers to the historical past or to events that have happened in the distant past relative to the speaker.
Follow this format to form the passato remoto of regular verbs. For -are verbs, drop the infinitive ending and add one of these personal endings to the root: -ai, -asti, -ò, -ammo, -aste, -arono.
For -ere verbs, drop the infinitive ending and add these personal endings to the root: -ei, -esti, -é, -emmo, -este, -erono. Note that many regular -ere verbs have an alternative form in the first person singular, third person singular, and third person plural forms.
For -ire verbs, drop the infinitive ending and add these personal endings to the root: -ii, -isti, -í, -immo, -iste, -irono.
Here are a few examples of how the remote past is used in Italian:
Dante si rifugiò a Ravenna. (Dante took refuge in Ravenna.)
Petrarca morì nel 1374. (Petrarca died in 1374.)
Michelangelo nacque nel 1475. (Michelangelo was born in 1475.)
Source
The remote past tense (passato remoto) is a simple tense and is formed by one word. In general, it refers to the historical past or to events that have happened in the distant past relative to the speaker.
Follow this format to form the passato remoto of regular verbs. For -are verbs, drop the infinitive ending and add one of these personal endings to the root: -ai, -asti, -ò, -ammo, -aste, -arono.
| PERSON | SINGULAR | PLURAL |
|---|---|---|
| I | (io) parlai | (noi) parlammo |
| II | (tu) parlasti | (voi) parlaste |
| III | (lui, lei, Lei) parlò | (loro, Loro) parlarono |
For -ere verbs, drop the infinitive ending and add these personal endings to the root: -ei, -esti, -é, -emmo, -este, -erono. Note that many regular -ere verbs have an alternative form in the first person singular, third person singular, and third person plural forms.
| PERSON | SINGULAR | PLURAL |
|---|---|---|
| I | (io) ricevei (ricevetti) | (noi) ricevemmo |
| II | (tu) ricevesti | (voi) riceveste |
| III | (lui, lei, Lei) ricevé (ricevette) | (loro, Loro) riceverono (ricevettero) |
For -ire verbs, drop the infinitive ending and add these personal endings to the root: -ii, -isti, -í, -immo, -iste, -irono.
| PERSON | SINGULAR | PLURAL |
|---|---|---|
| I | (io) capii | (noi) capimmo |
| II | (tu) capisti | (voi) capiste |
| III | (lui, lei, Lei) capí | (loro, Loro) capirono |
Here are a few examples of how the remote past is used in Italian:
Dante si rifugiò a Ravenna. (Dante took refuge in Ravenna.)
Petrarca morì nel 1374. (Petrarca died in 1374.)
Michelangelo nacque nel 1475. (Michelangelo was born in 1475.)
Source
2007/02/15
Choosing The Auxiliary Verb（近過去のまとめ）
Choosing The Auxiliary Verb
When forming the passato prossimo（近過去）, which auxiliary verb should be used — avere or essere? How do you decide? Compound tenses such as the passato prossimo are formed with the present indicative of the auxiliary verb avere or essere and the past participle (participio passato).
Transitive Verbs Take Avere
Transitive verbs are those that take a direct object. For instance:
Io ho mangiato una pera. (I ate a pear.)
Loro hanno giý studiato la lezione. (They already studied the lesson.)
Non ho mai visto Genova. (I've never visited Genoa.)
The compound tense of a transitive verb is formed with the present indicative of the auxiliary verb avere and the past participle (participio passato). The past participle is invariable and ends in -ato, -uto, or -ito. In phrases with a transitive verb, the direct object of the verb may be expressed explicitly or implied. For example: Io ho mangiato tardi. (I ate late.)
Intransitive Verbs Take Essere
Simply put, intransitive verbs are those that do not take a direct object. These verbs usually express movement or a state of being. The auxiliary verb essere plus the past participle is used to form the passato prossimo and other compounds of almost all intransitive verbs (and the past participle must agree in number and gender with the subject.) The table below contains conjugations of arrivare, crescere, and partire in the passato prossimo.
Notice that each of the past participles conjugated with essere has four possible endings, depending on the gender of its subject. Take a look at these examples:
La zia è andata a casa. (The aunt went home.)
Le zie sono andate a casa. (The aunts went home.)
Lo zio è andato a casa. (The uncle went home.)
Gli zii sono andati a casa. (The uncles went home.)
When the gender of the subject consists of both males and females, or is unstated, use the masculine form (think of it as a "generic" or "standard" form):
Lo zio e la zia sono andati a casa. (The uncle and aunt went home.)
Noi siami andati a casa. (We went home.)
The following table contains a list of other most commonly used intransitive verbs and their past-participle forms.
Some Verbs Take Either
How could it be that some verbs take EITHER essere or avere as the auxiliary verb in compound tenses? It depends on the context of the sentence. Here are a few examples of verbs functioning both transitively and intransitively:
bruciare (to burn)
Hai bruciato la torta? (Did you burn the cake?)
Durante la notte scorsa la cascina è bruciata. (During the night, the dairy burned.)
diminuire (to reduce, decrease)
Abbiamo diminuito il consumo d'energia in casa. (We reduced energy consumption at home.)
I prezzi della carne sono diminuiti questa settimana. (The price of meat has decreased this week.)
finire (to finish)
Il professore ha finito la conferenza alle tre. (The professor finished the conference at three o'clock.)
La conferenza è finita alle tre. (The conference finished at three o'clock.)
The following table lists commonly used verbs that can be both transitive and intransitive, depending on their use.
Source
When forming the passato prossimo（近過去）, which auxiliary verb should be used — avere or essere? How do you decide? Compound tenses such as the passato prossimo are formed with the present indicative of the auxiliary verb avere or essere and the past participle (participio passato).
Transitive Verbs Take Avere
Transitive verbs are those that take a direct object. For instance:
Io ho mangiato una pera. (I ate a pear.)
Loro hanno giý studiato la lezione. (They already studied the lesson.)
Non ho mai visto Genova. (I've never visited Genoa.)
The compound tense of a transitive verb is formed with the present indicative of the auxiliary verb avere and the past participle (participio passato). The past participle is invariable and ends in -ato, -uto, or -ito. In phrases with a transitive verb, the direct object of the verb may be expressed explicitly or implied. For example: Io ho mangiato tardi. (I ate late.)
Intransitive Verbs Take Essere
Simply put, intransitive verbs are those that do not take a direct object. These verbs usually express movement or a state of being. The auxiliary verb essere plus the past participle is used to form the passato prossimo and other compounds of almost all intransitive verbs (and the past participle must agree in number and gender with the subject.) The table below contains conjugations of arrivare, crescere, and partire in the passato prossimo.
| PERSON | ARRIVARE | CRESCERE | PARTIRE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (io) | sono arrivato(-a) | sono cresciuto(-a) | sono partito(-a) | |
| (tu) | sei arrivato(-a) | sei cresciuto(-a) | sei partito(-a) | |
| (lui, lei, Lei) | è arrivato(-a) | è cresciuto(-a) | è partito(-a) | |
| (noi) | siamo arrivati(-e) | siamo cresciuti(-e) | siamo partiti(-e) | |
| (voi) | siete arrivati(-e) | siete cresciuti(-e) | siete partiti(-e) | |
| (loro, Loro) | sono arrivati(-e) | sono cresciuti(-e) | sono partiti(-e) |
Notice that each of the past participles conjugated with essere has four possible endings, depending on the gender of its subject. Take a look at these examples:
La zia è andata a casa. (The aunt went home.)
Le zie sono andate a casa. (The aunts went home.)
Lo zio è andato a casa. (The uncle went home.)
Gli zii sono andati a casa. (The uncles went home.)
When the gender of the subject consists of both males and females, or is unstated, use the masculine form (think of it as a "generic" or "standard" form):
Lo zio e la zia sono andati a casa. (The uncle and aunt went home.)
Noi siami andati a casa. (We went home.)
The following table contains a list of other most commonly used intransitive verbs and their past-participle forms.
| andare (to go) | andato |
| arrivare (to arrive, to reach) | arrivato |
| cadere (to fall, to drop) | caduto |
| costare (to cost) | costato |
| crescere (to grow) | crescuito |
| diventare (to become) | diventato |
| durare (to last, to continue) | durato |
| entrare (to enter) | entrato |
| essere (to be) | stato |
| morire (to die) | morto |
| nascere (to be born) | nato |
| partire (to leave, to depart) | partito |
| uscire (to exit) | uscito |
| venire (to come) | venuto |
Some Verbs Take Either
How could it be that some verbs take EITHER essere or avere as the auxiliary verb in compound tenses? It depends on the context of the sentence. Here are a few examples of verbs functioning both transitively and intransitively:
bruciare (to burn)
Hai bruciato la torta? (Did you burn the cake?)
Durante la notte scorsa la cascina è bruciata. (During the night, the dairy burned.)
diminuire (to reduce, decrease)
Abbiamo diminuito il consumo d'energia in casa. (We reduced energy consumption at home.)
I prezzi della carne sono diminuiti questa settimana. (The price of meat has decreased this week.)
finire (to finish)
Il professore ha finito la conferenza alle tre. (The professor finished the conference at three o'clock.)
La conferenza è finita alle tre. (The conference finished at three o'clock.)
The following table lists commonly used verbs that can be both transitive and intransitive, depending on their use.
| affogare | (to drown) |
| aumentare | (to increase) |
| dimagrire | (to lose weight, to make thin) |
| incominciare | (to begin, to start) |
| mutare | (to change, to alter) |
| raddopppiare | (to double) |
| terminare | (to finish, to end) |
Source
Imperfect Tense（半過去形）
Imperfect Tense
*update (NHK Text)
Ieri avevo un terribile mal di testa, ma e passato completemente.（きのうは頭が割れるように痛かったけれど、すっかりなおったみたい。）
**update:
半過去の用途：過去において継続して行われた動作や状態を表す。「... していた」と訳されることが多い。
Quando sono entrato nella camera, Carlo ascoltava la radio.
Il tempo era buono.
Da giovane andavo in chiesa ogni domenica.（若いころ ...）
La mattina mio padre si alzava molto presto e beveva un caffè.
Mia nonna era bruna e aveva gli occhi verdi.
Quel giorno faceva molto caldo. その日はとても暑かった。
Mentre mangiavo, guardavo la TV. 食事をしながら、テレビを見ていました。
The imperfect tense (imperfetto) is formed by adding the same endings to all three conjugations. The only difference is the typical vowel of the infinitive. For details, see the table below.
The imperfect is much more frequently used in Italian than in English. It expresses the English "used to" and is used to describe actions or conditions that lasted an indefinite time in the past. It's also used to express an habitual action in the past and to describe time, age, and weather in the past.
Some adverbial expressions that are commonly used with the imperfect tense include:
a volte (at times)
continuamente (continuously)
giorno dopo giorno (day in and day out)
ogni tanto (once in a while)
sempre (always)
spesso spesso (again and again)
tutti i giorni (every day)
Here are a few examples of the imperfetto:
Giocavo a calcio ogni pomeriggio. (I played soccer every afternoon.)
Sempre credevano tutto. (They always believed everything.)
Volevamo andare in Italia. (We wanted to go to Italy.)
Il cielo era sempre blu. (The sky was always blue.)
Source
*update (NHK Text)
Ieri avevo un terribile mal di testa, ma e passato completemente.（きのうは頭が割れるように痛かったけれど、すっかりなおったみたい。）
**update:
| essere | avere | fare | dire | bere |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ero | avevo | facevo | dicevo | bevevo |
| eri | averi | facevi | dicevi | bevevi |
| era | aveva | faceva | diceva | beveva |
| eravamo | avevamo | facevamo | dicevamo | bevevamo |
| eravate | avevate | facevate | dicevate | bevevate |
| erano | avevano | facevano | dicevano | bevevano |
半過去の用途：過去において継続して行われた動作や状態を表す。「... していた」と訳されることが多い。
Quando sono entrato nella camera, Carlo ascoltava la radio.
Il tempo era buono.
Da giovane andavo in chiesa ogni domenica.（若いころ ...）
La mattina mio padre si alzava molto presto e beveva un caffè.
Mia nonna era bruna e aveva gli occhi verdi.
Quel giorno faceva molto caldo. その日はとても暑かった。
Mentre mangiavo, guardavo la TV. 食事をしながら、テレビを見ていました。
The imperfect tense (imperfetto) is formed by adding the same endings to all three conjugations. The only difference is the typical vowel of the infinitive. For details, see the table below.
| PRONOUN | PARLARE | VEDERE | DORMIRE |
|---|---|---|---|
| io | parlavo | vedevo | dormivo | tu | parlavi | vedevi | dormivi | lui/lei/Lei | parlava | vedeva | dormiva | noi | parlavamo | vedevamo | dormivamo | voi | parlavate | vedevate | dormivate | loro/Loro | parlavano | vedevano | dormivano |
The imperfect is much more frequently used in Italian than in English. It expresses the English "used to" and is used to describe actions or conditions that lasted an indefinite time in the past. It's also used to express an habitual action in the past and to describe time, age, and weather in the past.
Some adverbial expressions that are commonly used with the imperfect tense include:
a volte (at times)
continuamente (continuously)
giorno dopo giorno (day in and day out)
ogni tanto (once in a while)
sempre (always)
spesso spesso (again and again)
tutti i giorni (every day)
Here are a few examples of the imperfetto:
Giocavo a calcio ogni pomeriggio. (I played soccer every afternoon.)
Sempre credevano tutto. (They always believed everything.)
Volevamo andare in Italia. (We wanted to go to Italy.)
Il cielo era sempre blu. (The sky was always blue.)
Source
Compound Tenses
Compound Tenses
The compound tenses (i tempi composti) are verb tenses that consist of two words, such as the passato prossimo (present perfect). Both the verbs essere and avere act as helping verbs in compound tense formations. For example: io sono stato (I was) and ho avuto (I had).
Present Perfect with Avere
In general, transitive verbs (verbs that carry over an action from the subject to the direct object) are conjugated with avere as in the following example:
Il pilota ha pilotato l'aeroplano. (The pilot flew the plane.)
When the passato prossimo is constructed with avere, the past participle does not change according to gender or number:
Io ho parlato con Giorgio ieri pomeriggio. (I spoke to George yesterday afternoon.) Noi abbiamo comprato molte cose. (We bought many things.)
When the past participle of a verb conjugated with avere is preceded by the third person direct object pronouns lo, la, le, or li, the past participle agrees with the preceding direct object pronoun in gender and number. The past participle may agree with the direct object pronouns mi, ti, ci, and vi when these precede the verb, but the agreement is not mandatory.
Ho bevuto la birra. (I drank the beer.)
L'ho bevuta. (I drank it.)
Ho comprato il sale e il pepe. (I bought the salt and pepper.)
Li ho comprati. (I bought them.)
Ci hanno visto/visti. (They saw us.)
In negative sentences, non is placed before the auxiliary verb:
Molti non hanno pagato. (Many didn't pay.)
No, non ho ordinato una pizza. (No, I didn't order a pizza.)
Present Perfect with Essere
When essere is used, the past participle always agrees in gender and number with the subject of the verb, so you have four endings to choose from: -o, -a, -i, -e. In many cases, intransitive verbs (those that cannot take a direct object), especially those expressing motion, are conjugated with the auxiliary verb essere. The verb essere is also conjugated with itself as the auxiliary verb.
Some of the most common verbs that form compound tenses with essere are listed in the table below:
Source
The compound tenses (i tempi composti) are verb tenses that consist of two words, such as the passato prossimo (present perfect). Both the verbs essere and avere act as helping verbs in compound tense formations. For example: io sono stato (I was) and ho avuto (I had).
Present Perfect with Avere
In general, transitive verbs (verbs that carry over an action from the subject to the direct object) are conjugated with avere as in the following example:
Il pilota ha pilotato l'aeroplano. (The pilot flew the plane.)
When the passato prossimo is constructed with avere, the past participle does not change according to gender or number:
Io ho parlato con Giorgio ieri pomeriggio. (I spoke to George yesterday afternoon.) Noi abbiamo comprato molte cose. (We bought many things.)
When the past participle of a verb conjugated with avere is preceded by the third person direct object pronouns lo, la, le, or li, the past participle agrees with the preceding direct object pronoun in gender and number. The past participle may agree with the direct object pronouns mi, ti, ci, and vi when these precede the verb, but the agreement is not mandatory.
Ho bevuto la birra. (I drank the beer.)
L'ho bevuta. (I drank it.)
Ho comprato il sale e il pepe. (I bought the salt and pepper.)
Li ho comprati. (I bought them.)
Ci hanno visto/visti. (They saw us.)
In negative sentences, non is placed before the auxiliary verb:
Molti non hanno pagato. (Many didn't pay.)
No, non ho ordinato una pizza. (No, I didn't order a pizza.)
Present Perfect with Essere
When essere is used, the past participle always agrees in gender and number with the subject of the verb, so you have four endings to choose from: -o, -a, -i, -e. In many cases, intransitive verbs (those that cannot take a direct object), especially those expressing motion, are conjugated with the auxiliary verb essere. The verb essere is also conjugated with itself as the auxiliary verb.
Some of the most common verbs that form compound tenses with essere are listed in the table below:
| andare | to go |
| arrivare | to arrive |
| cadere | to fall |
| dimagrire | to diet |
| entrare | to enter |
| immigrare | to immigrate |
| morire | to die |
| partire | to depart |
| restare | to stay, to remain |
| (ri)tornare | to return |
| salpare | to weigh anchor, to set sail |
| sfuggire | to run away, to flee |
| stare | to stay, to be |
| uscire | to go out |
| venire | to come |
Source
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