Il congiuntivo (The Subjunctive)
Introduction. Italian and other languages use a special form of the verb in secondary clauses that follow a statement of opinion, belief, hope, desire, etc. This kind of sentence is not purely objective; it has an emotional "spin" so we indicate this with the subjunctive. Forms of the subjunctive are used in the following ways:
1. Impersonal (no precise subject is mentioned) expressions express general attitudes toward facts. These are statements which are generally true.
Bisogna studiare. (= It is necessary to study.)
È importante mangiare.
È necessario dormire.
2. Expressions of will, wish, hope, belief, doubt, surprise, probability, conjecture, opinion, etc. about a specific person. (Here, the main clause is still "impersonal" because there is no specific person named.)
Bisogna che gli studenti studino molto.
È necessario che lei dorma.
3. We often have a specific person expressing an opinion, belief, etc. about another specific person or thing. Here, the main clause is in the normal, indicative tense. The subjunctive must be used in the secondary clause.
(io) Voglio che (tu) finisca i compiti.
(io) Spero che (lei) visiti la nostra città.
(io) Non sono sicura che (Pietro) studi.
4. We can have the same subject in both clauses, i.e. the speaker expresses opinion about him/herself. Then we use the normal indicative for the first verb and the infinitive in the secondary clause.
Desiderano partire con il treno.
(THEY want to leave, and THEY want to leave on the train.)
Voglio riuscire all'esame.
In this type of construction, some verbs take "di" before the infinitive.
Spero di visitare la vostra città.
Sono contenta di partire per Pisa.
Mi dispiace di partire.
Credo di giocare bene
Reflexive pronouns attach to the infinitives:
Voglio mettermi la giacca.
Speriamo di non addormentarci durante la conferenza.
The following are some common expressions which introduce subjunctive clauses:
Volere che...
Spero che...
Bisogna che...
È necessario che...
È possibile che...
È probabile che...
È bene che
È meglio
È giusto
È preferibile
È importante
Desiderare che...
Essere contento che...
Credere che...
Non credere che...
Sembrare (parere) che...
Non sapere se...
Dubitare che...
Essere sorpreso...
Avere paura (temere) che...
Dispiac(ere)...
Source: The Italian Program
at the University of Kentucky
2007/03/29
Sequence of Tenses
La correlazione dei tempi (Sequence of Tenses)
(Note: This is normally taught late in first-year, reviewed in second-year. Doing these exercises requires knowledge of all four subjunctive tenses, conditionals and imperatives.)
It is important that they go to school. > È importante che vadano a scuola.
It is important that they went to school. > È importante che siano andati...
It was important that they went. > Era importante che andassero...
It was important that they had gone... Era importante che fossero andati..
If it were important, they would have gone. > Se fosse importante, sarebbero andati.
Source: The Italian Program at the University of Kentucky
(Note: This is normally taught late in first-year, reviewed in second-year. Doing these exercises requires knowledge of all four subjunctive tenses, conditionals and imperatives.)
It is important that they go to school. > È importante che vadano a scuola.
It is important that they went to school. > È importante che siano andati...
It was important that they went. > Era importante che andassero...
It was important that they had gone... Era importante che fossero andati..
If it were important, they would have gone. > Se fosse importante, sarebbero andati.
Source: The Italian Program at the University of Kentucky
The Passive Voice
The Passive Voice
To form the passive, the verb essere is always used plus the past participle of the verb which describes the action done to the subject. Depending on the tense, you may need to use two past participles in a row: "stato" (for a compound past tense of essere) plus the other verb's past participle.
First determine the tense of the verb in the active tense construction; then use that tense for essere in the passive tense construction. Contrast the following:
ACTIVE: Io ho presentato le signorine. = passato prossimo.
PASSIVE: Le signorine sono state presentate da me.
(Remember: when using essere in compound past tenses, all past participles must agree with the subject.)
Source: The Italian Program at the University of Kentucky
To form the passive, the verb essere is always used plus the past participle of the verb which describes the action done to the subject. Depending on the tense, you may need to use two past participles in a row: "stato" (for a compound past tense of essere) plus the other verb's past participle.
First determine the tense of the verb in the active tense construction; then use that tense for essere in the passive tense construction. Contrast the following:
ACTIVE: Io ho presentato le signorine. = passato prossimo.
PASSIVE: Le signorine sono state presentate da me.
(Remember: when using essere in compound past tenses, all past participles must agree with the subject.)
Source: The Italian Program at the University of Kentucky
Il passato prossimo
Il passato prossimo
Introduction.
Notice that verbs in the present tense have only one part. The stem shows what action is being done; the ending shows who is doing it. A one-part tense is called a "simple tense."
In the Passato prossimo (present perfect) tense, there are two part to the verb: an auxiliary (either avere or essere depending on which type of action we are describing) which shows who did the action and a past participle which tells which action is completed. A two-part tense is called a "compound tense."
Consider "Ho finito i compiti." "Ho" indicates that "I" did something in the past; "finito" tells the action of "finishing" happened in the past (note the -ito ending.)
Past participles (like "finito") correspond to the English verbs that end -ed: looked, watched, repeated. Since there are three conjugations in Italian (-are, -ire, -ere verbs), there are also three endings to form past participles (-ato, -uto, -ito).
Source: The Italian Program at the University of Kentucky
Introduction.
| Presente | Passato |
|---|---|
| OGGI bevo un caffé. | IERI ho bevuto un caffé. |
| OGGI finisco i compiti. | IERI ho finito i compiti. |
| OGGI mando una lettera. | IERI ho mandato una lett. |
Notice that verbs in the present tense have only one part. The stem shows what action is being done; the ending shows who is doing it. A one-part tense is called a "simple tense."
In the Passato prossimo (present perfect) tense, there are two part to the verb: an auxiliary (either avere or essere depending on which type of action we are describing) which shows who did the action and a past participle which tells which action is completed. A two-part tense is called a "compound tense."
Consider "Ho finito i compiti." "Ho" indicates that "I" did something in the past; "finito" tells the action of "finishing" happened in the past (note the -ito ending.)
Past participles (like "finito") correspond to the English verbs that end -ed: looked, watched, repeated. Since there are three conjugations in Italian (-are, -ire, -ere verbs), there are also three endings to form past participles (-ato, -uto, -ito).
Source: The Italian Program at the University of Kentucky
Il passato prossimo
Il passato prossimo
Introduction.
Notice that verbs in the present tense have only one part. The stem shows what action is being done; the ending shows who is doing it. A one-part tense is called a "simple tense."
In the Passato prossimo (present perfect) tense, there are two part to the verb: an auxiliary (either avere or essere depending on which type of action we are describing) which shows who did the action and a past participle which tells which action is completed. A two-part tense is called a "compound tense."
Consider "Ho finito i compiti." "Ho" indicates that "I" did something in the past; "finito" tells the action of "finishing" happened in the past (note the -ito ending.)
Past participles (like "finito") correspond to the English verbs that end -ed: looked, watched, repeated. Since there are three conjugations in Italian (-are, -ire, -ere verbs), there are also three endings to form past participles (-ato, -uto, -ito).
Source: The Italian Program at the University of Kentucky
Introduction.
| Presente | Passato |
|---|---|
| OGGI bevo un caffé. | IERI ho bevuto un caffé. |
| OGGI finisco i compiti. | IERI ho finito i compiti. |
| OGGI mando una lettera. | IERI ho mandato una lett. |
Notice that verbs in the present tense have only one part. The stem shows what action is being done; the ending shows who is doing it. A one-part tense is called a "simple tense."
In the Passato prossimo (present perfect) tense, there are two part to the verb: an auxiliary (either avere or essere depending on which type of action we are describing) which shows who did the action and a past participle which tells which action is completed. A two-part tense is called a "compound tense."
Consider "Ho finito i compiti." "Ho" indicates that "I" did something in the past; "finito" tells the action of "finishing" happened in the past (note the -ito ending.)
Past participles (like "finito") correspond to the English verbs that end -ed: looked, watched, repeated. Since there are three conjugations in Italian (-are, -ire, -ere verbs), there are also three endings to form past participles (-ato, -uto, -ito).
Source: The Italian Program at the University of Kentucky
Far fare
Far fare
(A Special Infinitive Construction)
Far fare, "to make to do" something, is used when the subject of the action has another person perform the action for him or her. For example, you have a hairdresser cut your hair for you or a mechanic fix the car for you.
Faccio tagliare i capelli alla parucchiera.
Faccio riparare la macchina al meccanico.
Since fare is a transitive verb and since there is always something (object, part of body) you have done for you, this construction will always have a direct object. In the above examples, i capelli (the hair) and la macchina (the car) are the direct objects. The person who did the action for you is shown in indirect object form (alla parucchiera, al meccanico). This person need not necessarily be mentioned.
Contrast:
Faccio riparare la macchina. = I have the car repaired.
Faccio ripararla al meccanico. = I have it repaired by the mechanic.
Source: The Italian Program at the University of Kentucky
(A Special Infinitive Construction)
Far fare, "to make to do" something, is used when the subject of the action has another person perform the action for him or her. For example, you have a hairdresser cut your hair for you or a mechanic fix the car for you.
Faccio tagliare i capelli alla parucchiera.
Faccio riparare la macchina al meccanico.
Since fare is a transitive verb and since there is always something (object, part of body) you have done for you, this construction will always have a direct object. In the above examples, i capelli (the hair) and la macchina (the car) are the direct objects. The person who did the action for you is shown in indirect object form (alla parucchiera, al meccanico). This person need not necessarily be mentioned.
Contrast:
Faccio riparare la macchina. = I have the car repaired.
Faccio ripararla al meccanico. = I have it repaired by the mechanic.
Source: The Italian Program at the University of Kentucky
2007/03/26
2007/03/25
再帰動詞・非人称動詞
1. 再帰動詞
主語と同一物を表す人称代名詞を伴う動詞を再帰動詞という。
mi, ti, si, ci, vi, si = 再帰代名詞
再帰動詞には次の四つの種類がある：
1) 本質的再帰動詞
主語の動作が直接に主語自身に及ぶもので、再帰代名詞は直接補語である。
主語が複数で「互いに...し合う」を意味する。「互いに」を強調するために l'un l'altro、reciprocamente などの語を補うことがある。
非人称動詞とは三人称単数形だけをもち、主語を取らない動詞である。
1) 気象現象を表すもの
主語と同一物を表す人称代名詞を伴う動詞を再帰動詞という。
| mi alzo | ci alziamo |
| ti alzi | vi alzate |
| si alza | si alzano |
mi, ti, si, ci, vi, si = 再帰代名詞
再帰動詞には次の四つの種類がある：
1) 本質的再帰動詞
主語の動作が直接に主語自身に及ぶもので、再帰代名詞は直接補語である。
- alzarsi(起きる）
- chiamarsi(名前は...である）
- fermarsi(止まる）
- divertirsi(楽しむ）
- mettersi l'abito(服を着る）
- farsi la barba(ひげを剃る）
- togliersi le scarpe(靴を脱ぐ）
- lavarsi la faccia(顔を洗う）/ Mi lavo la faccia.
- pentirsi(後悔する）
- accorgersi(気が付く）
- lagnarsi(不平を言う）
- Mi accorgo degli errori. 私は誤りに気が付く
主語が複数で「互いに...し合う」を意味する。「互いに」を強調するために l'un l'altro、reciprocamente などの語を補うことがある。
- Ci salutiamo.
- Loro si aiutano reciprocamente.
非人称動詞とは三人称単数形だけをもち、主語を取らない動詞である。
1) 気象現象を表すもの
- piove (← piovere) 雨が降る
- tuona (← tuonare) 雷が鳴る
- nevica (← nevicare) 雪が降る
- fa bel tempo
- bisogna + 不定詞（または、che + 文）...する必要がある
- basta + 不定詞（または、che + 文）...すれば十分だ
- accade + che + 文 ...という事態が起こる
- pare + che + 文 ...のように見える
Verb Giocare
Verb Giocare
The verb giocare means "to play," in the sense of playing a game or a sport. When referring to sports, it is usually followed by the Italian preposition a:
I bambini giocano sull spiaggia. (The children play on the beach.)
Mario e Carlo giocano a carte. (Mario and Carlo play cards.)
Paola gioca molto bene a tennis. (Paola plays tennis very well.)
The phrase giocare d'azzardo means "to gamble":
Pietro gioca d'azzardo e perde sempre. (Pietro gambles and always loses.)
Source
The verb giocare means "to play," in the sense of playing a game or a sport. When referring to sports, it is usually followed by the Italian preposition a:
I bambini giocano sull spiaggia. (The children play on the beach.)
Mario e Carlo giocano a carte. (Mario and Carlo play cards.)
Paola gioca molto bene a tennis. (Paola plays tennis very well.)
The phrase giocare d'azzardo means "to gamble":
Pietro gioca d'azzardo e perde sempre. (Pietro gambles and always loses.)
Source
Verbs Tornare, Restituire, Riportare
Verbs Tornare, Restituire, Riportare
Sometimes the only way to tell the difference between two words with the same literal meaning is to observe how they are used in practice. Tornare, restituire, and riportare all mean "to return," but each has a slightly different shade of meaning.
Tornare means "to return" in the sense of coming back from somewhere. It is interchangeable with ritornare:
Torno dall'Italia. (I'm returning from Italy.)
Le ragazze ritornano stasera. (The girls are coming back tonight.)
Restituire means "to return" in the sense of giving something back:
Mi ha restituito il denaro che mi doveva. (He returned the money he owed me.)
And riportare means "to return" in the sense of bringing or taking something back:
Mi hanno riportato i libri. (They returned my books.)
Hai riportato i libri in biblioteca? (Did you return the books to the library?)
Source
Sometimes the only way to tell the difference between two words with the same literal meaning is to observe how they are used in practice. Tornare, restituire, and riportare all mean "to return," but each has a slightly different shade of meaning.
Tornare means "to return" in the sense of coming back from somewhere. It is interchangeable with ritornare:
Torno dall'Italia. (I'm returning from Italy.)
Le ragazze ritornano stasera. (The girls are coming back tonight.)
Restituire means "to return" in the sense of giving something back:
Mi ha restituito il denaro che mi doveva. (He returned the money he owed me.)
And riportare means "to return" in the sense of bringing or taking something back:
Mi hanno riportato i libri. (They returned my books.)
Hai riportato i libri in biblioteca? (Did you return the books to the library?)
Source
Verb Pensare
Verb Pensare
Have an opinion about something or someone? Use the term pensare a or pensare di, which both mean "to think about." Take a look at a few examples in Italian:
In questi giorni penso a mia nonna perché è malata. (Nowadays I think about my grandmother because she is ill.)
Che cosa pensi di quella macchina sportiva? (What do you think about the sportscar?; What is your opinion about that sportscar?)
Spesso pensiamo ai nostri cugini che vivono in Italia. (We often think about our cousins who live in Italy.)
Giovanna, dimmi la verità! Cosa pensi dell'esame? (Giovanna, tell me the truth! What do you think about the exam?; What is your opinion?)
Source
Have an opinion about something or someone? Use the term pensare a or pensare di, which both mean "to think about." Take a look at a few examples in Italian:
In questi giorni penso a mia nonna perché è malata. (Nowadays I think about my grandmother because she is ill.)
Che cosa pensi di quella macchina sportiva? (What do you think about the sportscar?; What is your opinion about that sportscar?)
Spesso pensiamo ai nostri cugini che vivono in Italia. (We often think about our cousins who live in Italy.)
Giovanna, dimmi la verità! Cosa pensi dell'esame? (Giovanna, tell me the truth! What do you think about the exam?; What is your opinion?)
Source
Verb Mettersi
Verb Mettersi
Mettersi (to put or place) is another versatile verb that's used in a variety of idiomatic expressions. Increase your word power by using the phrases listed below in daily conversation.
The verb mettersi can also be used for activities: mettersi a mangiare (start/begin to eat), mettersi a dormire (go to sleep), mettersi a gridare (start/begin to shout), mettersi a piangere (start/begin to cry).
Source
Mettersi (to put or place) is another versatile verb that's used in a variety of idiomatic expressions. Increase your word power by using the phrases listed below in daily conversation.
| mettercela tutto | to do one's best |
| mettersi a confronto | to compare |
| mettersi a sedere | to seat oneself |
| mettersi al brutto | to turn nasty |
| mettersi giù | to put (or lay) down |
| mettersi innanzi | to produce |
| mettersi insieme | to put together |
| mettersi sotto | to put underneath |
| mettersi su casa | to set up house |
| mettersi via | to put away |
The verb mettersi can also be used for activities: mettersi a mangiare (start/begin to eat), mettersi a dormire (go to sleep), mettersi a gridare (start/begin to shout), mettersi a piangere (start/begin to cry).
Source
2007/03/10
動詞の法・時制
動詞の法・時制
| 法(叙法） | 時制 | 変化形 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 不定法 | 不定詞(l'infinito) | 現在 | amare; tornare |
| 過去 | aver amato; essere tornato | ||
| 分詞 | 現在 | amante | |
| 過去(participio passato) | amato | ||
| ジェルンディオ(il gerundio) | 現在 | amando | |
| 過去(il gerundio composto) | avendo amato; essendo tornato | ||
| 直説法 | 現在(presente) | amo ... | |
| 近過去(passato prossimo) | ho amato; sono tornato ... | ||
| 半過去(imperfetto) | amavo ... | ||
| 遠過去(passato remoto) | amai ... | ||
| 大過去(trapassato prossimo) | avevo amato; ero tornato ... | ||
| 先立過去(trapassato remoto) | ebbi amato; fui tornato ... | ||
| 単純未来(futuro semplice) | amerò ... | ||
| 先立未来(futuro anteriore) | avrò amato; sarò tornato ... | ||
| 条件法 | 現在(condizionale presente) | amerei ... | |
| 過去(condizionale passato) | avrei amato; sarei tornato | 接続法(congiuntivo) | 現在 (congiuntivo) | ami ... |
| 過去(congiuntivo passato) | abbia amato; sia tornato ... | ||
| 半過去(congiuntivo imperfetto) | amassi ... | ||
| 大過去(congiuntivo trapassato) | avessi amato; fossi tornato ... | ||
| 命令法(l'imperativo) | 現在 | -- , ama ... | |
- 直説法現在
- (1) La porta si apre all'improviso. [瞬間]
Legge ancora il giornale. [進行]
Io non mangio molto. [習慣]
Lui è impiegato statale. [身分]
(2) La terra è rotonda. [普遍性]
(3) Domani parto per Venezia. [未来、意志]
Il samurai montò in sella, ecco grida. [過去、叙述の生彩さ] - 直説法近過去：《avere, essere の現在+過去分詞》
- (1) Mi hanno rubato la borsa. [動作]
Ho tentato l'esame più di tre volte. [経験]
(2) Ho appena pranzato.
Abbiamo fatto progressi notevoli.
(3) Quando hofinito, tornerò a casa. - 直説法半過去
- (1) Mio padre lavorava all'estero. [過去において継続していた状態]
(2) Da piccola giocava sempre con le bambole. [過去の反復行為・習慣]
(3) Il cielo era tutto buio, quando l'elicottero cominciò ad atterrare. [過去における周囲の状況説明]
(4) Mentre tutti studiavano, lui guardava fuori. [同時に起こった過去の事実] - 直説法遠過去
- (1) La ragazza gli sussurrò una parola all'orecchio. [過去のある時点で完了した行為]
(2) Marco Polo morì a Venezia nel 1324. [歴史的事実] - 直説法大過去：《avere, essere の半過去+過去分詞》
- L'autobus era già partito, quando lui arrivò alla fermata. [ある過去に対して、それ以前に終わっていた行為を示す]
- 直説法先立過去：《avere, essere の遠過去+過去分詞》
- Appena fu arrivato, partì l'autobus.
- 直説法（単純）未来
- (1) Verrà domani.
(2) "Dov'è Mario?" "Sarà dal dentista." [現在の推量]
Amerai il prossimo tuo come te stesso. [未来・強い要請、稀に婉曲の頼み] - 直説法先立未来：《avere, essere の未来+過去分詞》
- (1) Quando avrò comprato il biglietto, salirò in autobus. [ある未来にたいして、それ以前に終わるであろう行為を示す]
(2) Sarà partito per la villeggiatura. [過去時制での、推量を表す] - 条件法現在
- Vorrei parlare con il direttore. [婉曲・丁寧]
Quando ritornerebbe lui? [推定]
Oggi andrei in ufficio. [可能・推定] - 条件法過去：《avere, essere の条件法現在+過去分詞》
- Ieri sarei andato in chiesa, ma non ho potuto. 昨日教会へ行くつもりだったが、実は行けなかった。
Mi disse che avrebbe fatto per giovedi. 彼は木曜日までにしておきましょうと私に告げた。[過去での未来]
Sarebbero state le 6, quando tornò a casa sua. 彼が家に帰ったのは、あるいは6時だったかもしれない。[過去の推量] - 接続法現在
- Spero che ci venga anche lui. [願望]
Ho paura che sia troppo tardi. [恐れ]
Non so se lui ci riesca. [否定]
Può darsi che lei mi scriva. [非人称]
Parto prima che faccia caldo. [特定の接続詞]
Dovunque tu vada, ritorna qui alle nove. [譲歩の接続詞]
Ti presentero qualcuno che sappia el tedesco. [先行詞が不特定詞]
- 接続法過去：《avere, essere の接続法現在+過去分詞》
- Credo che lui abbia imparato a sciare.
Penseranno che io sia partito. - 接続法半過去
- Immaginavo che fosse vero.
Sarebbe possibile che dicesse bugie. - 接続法大過去:《avere, essere の接続法半過去+過去分詞》
- Non sapeva che si fossero sposati.
Desidererei che lui si fosse laureato.
Avrei sospettato che lei se ne fosse pentita.
2007/03/06
Infinitive(不定詞）
Infinitive
The infinitives of all regular verbs in Italian end in -are, -ere, or -ire and are referred to as first, second, or third conjugation verbs, respectively. In English, the infinitive (l'infinito) consists of "to" + verb. In Italian, the infinitive is composed of just one word. The initial part of the infinitive, called the stem, conveys the meaning of the word and is the form found in the dictionary.
Source
The infinitives of all regular verbs in Italian end in -are, -ere, or -ire and are referred to as first, second, or third conjugation verbs, respectively. In English, the infinitive (l'infinito) consists of "to" + verb. In Italian, the infinitive is composed of just one word. The initial part of the infinitive, called the stem, conveys the meaning of the word and is the form found in the dictionary.
Source
Gerund(ジェランド）
Gerund
*update:
Studio ascoltando la radio.
Sorridendo, ha alzato la mano.
Non stando attento, avrai un incidente.
○目的格人称代名詞、再帰代名詞などを伴う場合：
Vedendolo entrare, l'ho chiamato.
Scherzava, mettendosi un cappello buffo.（... ふざけていた。）
○主節の動詞より以前に完了した事柄を言う場合：《avendo+過去分詞》《essendo+過去分詞》
Avendo bevuto troppo, mi sento male.
Avendo aspettato più di un'ora, sono andato/a via.
Avendola letta, so come finisce questa storia.
Essendo caduta per le scale, Rita si è rotta una gamba.
In Italian, the gerund (il gerundio) is equivalent to the "-ing" verb form in English. To form the simple gerund in Italian, add -ando to the stem of -are verbs and -endo to the stem of -ere and -ire verbs. There is also another form of the gerund, the compound gerund (il gerundio composto). It is formed with the either the gerund form of either avere or essere + past participle of the action verb (see the table below).
The imperfect stems are used to form the gerunds of verbs such as dire (dicendo), fare (facendo), porre (ponendo), and tradurre (traducendo). The reflexive verbs attach the reflexive pronoun to the end of the word: lavandosi, sedendosi, divertendosi.
Source
*update:
Studio ascoltando la radio.
Sorridendo, ha alzato la mano.
Non stando attento, avrai un incidente.
○目的格人称代名詞、再帰代名詞などを伴う場合：
Vedendolo entrare, l'ho chiamato.
Scherzava, mettendosi un cappello buffo.（... ふざけていた。）
○主節の動詞より以前に完了した事柄を言う場合：《avendo+過去分詞》《essendo+過去分詞》
Avendo bevuto troppo, mi sento male.
Avendo aspettato più di un'ora, sono andato/a via.
Avendola letta, so come finisce questa storia.
Essendo caduta per le scale, Rita si è rotta una gamba.
In Italian, the gerund (il gerundio) is equivalent to the "-ing" verb form in English. To form the simple gerund in Italian, add -ando to the stem of -are verbs and -endo to the stem of -ere and -ire verbs. There is also another form of the gerund, the compound gerund (il gerundio composto). It is formed with the either the gerund form of either avere or essere + past participle of the action verb (see the table below).
| GERUNDIO | GERUNDIO COMPOSTO |
|---|---|
| cadendo (falling) | essendo caduto/a/i/e (having fallen) |
| leggendo (reading) | avendo letto (having read) |
| mangiando (eating) | avendo mangiato (having eaten) |
The imperfect stems are used to form the gerunds of verbs such as dire (dicendo), fare (facendo), porre (ponendo), and tradurre (traducendo). The reflexive verbs attach the reflexive pronoun to the end of the word: lavandosi, sedendosi, divertendosi.
Source
2007/03/02
Verbs Sapere and Conoscere
Verbs Sapere and Conoscere
The verbs sapere and conoscere both mean "to know," but have different implications. Sapere means "to know," "to be able to," or "to know how to." Take a look at these examples with the io form of sapere:
So la lezione. (I know the lesson.)
So cantare. (I know how to sing; I am able to sing.)
Conoscere means to know, to be acquainted with, or to make the acquaintance of:
Io conosco Francesca a casa di Giuseppe. (I met Francesca at Giuseppe's house.) Non conosciamo la città. (We don't know the city.)
Source
The verbs sapere and conoscere both mean "to know," but have different implications. Sapere means "to know," "to be able to," or "to know how to." Take a look at these examples with the io form of sapere:
So la lezione. (I know the lesson.)
So cantare. (I know how to sing; I am able to sing.)
Conoscere means to know, to be acquainted with, or to make the acquaintance of:
Io conosco Francesca a casa di Giuseppe. (I met Francesca at Giuseppe's house.) Non conosciamo la città. (We don't know the city.)
Source
Past Perfect Subjunctive Tense（接続法大過去形）
Past Perfect Subjunctive Tense
*update:
接続法大過去形：《avere または essere の接続法半過去 + 過去分詞》
To complete the fourth of subjunctive-tense verb forms, there's the congiuntivo trapassato (referred to as the past perfect subjunctive in English), which is a compound tense. Form this tense with the congiuntivo imperfetto of the auxiliary verb avere or essere and the past participle of the acting verb (see the table below).
Here are a few examples of the trapassato congiuntivo:
Speravo che avessero capito. (I was hoping they had understood.)
Avevo paura che non avessero risolto quel problema. (I was afraid they hadn't resolved that problem.)
Vorrebbero che io raccontassi una storia. (They would like me to tell a story.)
Non volevo che tu lo facessi così presto. (I didn't want you to do it as soon.)
Source
*update:
接続法大過去形：《avere または essere の接続法半過去 + 過去分詞》
| trovare | avessi trovato, avessi trovato, ... avessero trovato |
| partire | fossi partito(-a), fossi partito(-a), ... fossero trovati(-e) |
To complete the fourth of subjunctive-tense verb forms, there's the congiuntivo trapassato (referred to as the past perfect subjunctive in English), which is a compound tense. Form this tense with the congiuntivo imperfetto of the auxiliary verb avere or essere and the past participle of the acting verb (see the table below).
| PRONOUN | AVERE | ESSERE |
|---|---|---|
| che io | avessi avuto | fossi stato(-a) |
| che tu | avessi avuto | fossi stato(-a) |
| che lui/lei/Lei | avesse avuto | fosse stato(-a) |
| che noi | avessimo avuto | fossimo stati(-e) |
| che voi | aveste avuto | foste stati(-e) |
| che loro/Loro | avessero avuto | fossero stati(-e) |
Here are a few examples of the trapassato congiuntivo:
Speravo che avessero capito. (I was hoping they had understood.)
Avevo paura che non avessero risolto quel problema. (I was afraid they hadn't resolved that problem.)
Vorrebbero che io raccontassi una storia. (They would like me to tell a story.)
Non volevo che tu lo facessi così presto. (I didn't want you to do it as soon.)
Source
Imperfect Subjunctive Tense（接続法半過去形）
Imperfect Subjunctive Tense
update:
The imperfect subjunctive (congiuntivo imperfetto) is required when the verb in the dependent clause is in a past tense or the conditional. For conjugations of three regular verbs, see the table below.
Here are a few examples of the congiuntivo imperfetto:
Credevo che avessero ragione. (I thought they were right.)
Non era probabile che prendessimo una decisione. (It wasn't likely we would make a decision.)
Non c'era nessuno che ci capisse. (There was no one who understood us.)
Il razzismo era il peggior problema che ci fosse. (Racism was the worst problem there was.)
Source
update:
| PRONOUN | essere | avere | trovare | potere | partire |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| che io | fossi | avessi | trovassi | potessi | partissi |
| che tu | fossi | avessi | trovassi | potessi | partissi |
| che lui/lei/Lei | fosse | avesse | trovasse | potesse | partisse |
| che noi | fossimo | avessimo | trovassimo | potessimo | partissimo |
| che voi | foste | aveste | trovaste | poteste | partiste |
| che loro/Loro | fossero | avessero | trovassero | potessero | partissero |
The imperfect subjunctive (congiuntivo imperfetto) is required when the verb in the dependent clause is in a past tense or the conditional. For conjugations of three regular verbs, see the table below.
| PRONOUN | CANTARE | SAPERE | FINIRE |
|---|---|---|---|
| che io | cantassi | sapessi | finissi |
| che tu | cantassi | sapessi | finissi |
| che lui/lei/Lei | cantasse | sapesse | finisse |
| che noi | cantassimo | sapessimo | finissimo |
| che voi | cantaste | sapeste | finiste |
| che loro/Loro | cantassero | sapessero | finissero |
Here are a few examples of the congiuntivo imperfetto:
Credevo che avessero ragione. (I thought they were right.)
Non era probabile che prendessimo una decisione. (It wasn't likely we would make a decision.)
Non c'era nessuno che ci capisse. (There was no one who understood us.)
Il razzismo era il peggior problema che ci fosse. (Racism was the worst problem there was.)
Source
Present Perfect Subjunctive Tense(接続法過去形）
Present Perfect Subjunctive Tense
update:
接続法過去形：《avere または essere の接続法現在 + 過去分詞》
接続法の用法：
1) 主文の動詞が意見、願望、意志、命令、恐れ、感情などを表すとき、che に続く従属文の中で用いられる。
2) 非人称構文 è possibile che ...、è necessario che ...、bisogna che ...、sembra che ...、para che ... などに続く従属文のなかで用いられる。
3) benche ...（...にもかかわらず）、nonostante che ...（...にもかかわらず）、affin che ...（...するために）、punche ...（...しさえすれば）などいくつかの接続詞に続く従属文の中で用いられる。 4) 最上級およびそれに準ずる表現 (primo, solo, unico) のあとの関係代名詞に続く従属文の中で用いられる。
As you've probably figured out by now, if there's a congiuntivo presente, there's a congiuntivo passato (present perfect subjunctive). And like other verb tense formations, the congiuntivo passato is a compound tense formed with the congiuntivo presente of the auxiliary verb avere or essere and the past participle of the acting verb.
Here are a few examples of the congiuntivo passato:
Credo che abbiano ripreso le discussioni. (I think they resumed discussions.)
Mi dispiace che abbia parlato cos�. (I'm sorry that he spoke that way.)
Siamo contenti che siano venuti. (We're glad they came.)
Non credo che siano andati in Italia. (I don't believe they went to Italy.)
Source
update:
接続法過去形：《avere または essere の接続法現在 + 過去分詞》
接続法の用法：
1) 主文の動詞が意見、願望、意志、命令、恐れ、感情などを表すとき、che に続く従属文の中で用いられる。
2) 非人称構文 è possibile che ...、è necessario che ...、bisogna che ...、sembra che ...、para che ... などに続く従属文のなかで用いられる。
3) benche ...（...にもかかわらず）、nonostante che ...（...にもかかわらず）、affin che ...（...するために）、punche ...（...しさえすれば）などいくつかの接続詞に続く従属文の中で用いられる。 4) 最上級およびそれに準ずる表現 (primo, solo, unico) のあとの関係代名詞に続く従属文の中で用いられる。
As you've probably figured out by now, if there's a congiuntivo presente, there's a congiuntivo passato (present perfect subjunctive). And like other verb tense formations, the congiuntivo passato is a compound tense formed with the congiuntivo presente of the auxiliary verb avere or essere and the past participle of the acting verb.
| PRONOUN | AVERE | ESSERE |
|---|---|---|
| che io | abbia avuto | sia stato(-a) |
| che tu | abbia avuto | sia stato(-a) |
| che lui/lei/Lei | abbia avuto | sia stato(-a) |
| che noi | abbiamo avuto | siamo stati(-e) |
| che voi | abbiate avuto | siate stati(-e) |
| che loro/Loro | abbiano avuto | siano stati(-e) |
Here are a few examples of the congiuntivo passato:
Credo che abbiano ripreso le discussioni. (I think they resumed discussions.)
Mi dispiace che abbia parlato cos�. (I'm sorry that he spoke that way.)
Siamo contenti che siano venuti. (We're glad they came.)
Non credo che siano andati in Italia. (I don't believe they went to Italy.)
Source
Present Subjunctive Tense(接続法現在形）
Present Subjunctive Tense
Language is fluid, and usage changes. A case in point is the subjunctive (il congiuntivo), which in English is rapidly becoming extinct. Phrases like "I suggest you go home immediately" and "Robert wishes that you open the window" are not in frequent use anymore.
In Italian, though, the subjunctive tense is alive and flourishing, both in speaking and writing. Rather than stating facts, it expresses doubt, possibility, uncertainty, or personal feelings. It can also express emotion, desire, or suggestions. The table below provides examples of three regular verbs conjugated in the present subjunctive tense.
Typical phrases that call for the subjunctive tense include:
Credo che... (I believe that...)
Suppongo che... (I suppose that...)
Immagino che... (I imagine that...)
È necessario che... (It is necessary that...)
Mi piace che... (I'd like that...)
Non vale la pena che... (It's not worth it that...)
Non suggerisco che... (I'm not suggesting that...)
Può darsi che... (It's possible that...)
Penso che... (I think that...)
Non sono certo che... (I'm not sure that...)
È probabile che... (It is probable that...)
Ho l'impressione che... (I have the impression that...)
Certain verbs such as suggerire (to suggest), sperare (to hope), desiderare (to wish), and insistere (to insist) require use of the subjunctive.
Source
Language is fluid, and usage changes. A case in point is the subjunctive (il congiuntivo), which in English is rapidly becoming extinct. Phrases like "I suggest you go home immediately" and "Robert wishes that you open the window" are not in frequent use anymore.
In Italian, though, the subjunctive tense is alive and flourishing, both in speaking and writing. Rather than stating facts, it expresses doubt, possibility, uncertainty, or personal feelings. It can also express emotion, desire, or suggestions. The table below provides examples of three regular verbs conjugated in the present subjunctive tense.
| PRONOUN | -ARE VERB | -ERE VERB | -IRE VERBS | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| che io | parli | scriva | senta | capisca |
| che tu | parli | scriva | senta | capisca |
| che lui/lei/Lei | parli | scriva | senta | capisca |
| che noi | parliamo | scriviamo | sentiamo | capiamo |
| che voi | parliate | scriviate | sentiate | capiate |
| che loro/Loro | parlino | scrivano | sentano | capiscano |
Typical phrases that call for the subjunctive tense include:
Credo che... (I believe that...)
Suppongo che... (I suppose that...)
Immagino che... (I imagine that...)
È necessario che... (It is necessary that...)
Mi piace che... (I'd like that...)
Non vale la pena che... (It's not worth it that...)
Non suggerisco che... (I'm not suggesting that...)
Può darsi che... (It's possible that...)
Penso che... (I think that...)
Non sono certo che... (I'm not sure that...)
È probabile che... (It is probable that...)
Ho l'impressione che... (I have the impression that...)
Certain verbs such as suggerire (to suggest), sperare (to hope), desiderare (to wish), and insistere (to insist) require use of the subjunctive.
Source
登録:
投稿 (Atom)
