人称代名詞の直接補語と間接補語

1. 人称代名詞の直接補語と間接補語

(直接補語）	(間接補語）
mi（私を）	mi（私に）
ti（君を）	ti（君に）
lo（彼を、それを）	gli（彼に）
la（彼女を、あなたを、それを）	le（彼女に、あなたに）
ci（私たちを）	ci（私たちに）
vi（君たちを）	vi（君たちに）
li（彼らを、それらを）	loro（彼らに）
le（彼女たちを、あなた方を、それらを）	loro（彼女たちに、あなた方に）

(直接補語）			(間接補語）
mi	ci		mi	ci
ti	vi		ti	vi
lo	li		gli	loro
la	le		le	loro

補語代名詞は動詞の直前に置かれる。ただし loro は動詞のあとに来る。

2. 人称代名詞の直接補語と間接補語の強調形

(直接補語）	(間接補語）
me（私を）	a me（私に）
te（君を）	a te（君に）
lui（彼を）	a lui（彼に）
lei（彼女を、あなたを）	a lei（彼女に、あなたに）
noi（私たちを）	a noi（私たちに）
voi（君たちを）	a voi（君たちに）
loro（彼らを、彼女たちを、あなた方を）	a loro（彼女たちに、あなた方に）

強調形は動詞のあとに置かれることが多い。

3. 人称代名詞の間接補語 + lo、li、la、le、ne

mi、ti、gli、le、ci、vi のあとに lo、li、la、le、ne が来ると次の形をとる。

mi - ⇒	me lo	me li	me la	me le	me ne
ti - ⇒	te lo	te li	te la	te le	te ne
gli - ⇒	glielo	glieli	gliela	gliele	gliene
le - ⇒	glielo	glieli	gliela	gliele	gliene
ci - ⇒	ce lo	ce li	ce la	ce le	ce ne
vi - ⇒	ve lo	ve li	ve la	ve le	ve ne

si - ⇒

se lo

se li

se la

se le

se ne

Past Participle-Direct Object Agreement

Past Participle-Direct Object Agreement

Italians are all one big happy family, right? Maybe it's because there is so much cooperation in the Italian language. Plural nouns take plural articles, adjectives reflect the nouns they describe in both number and gender, and the past participles of verbs have a similar grammatical rule. When using the conversational past or other compound tenses, the past participle of the acting verb must agree in gender and number with the direct-object pronoun preceding the verb avere. Note the following examples:

Hanno visitato il nonno. (They have visited their grandfather.)
BUT: Lo hanno visitato. (They have visited him. Also: L'hanno visitato.)

Ho comprato i pantaloni. (I have bought the pants.)
BUT: Li ho comprati. (I have bought them.)
Abbiamo veduto Teresa. (We have seen Theresa.)
BUT: L'abbiamo veduta. (We have seen her.)
Ha ricevuto le lettere. (He has received the letters.)
BUT: Le ha ricevute. (He has received them.)

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Combining Direct and Indirect Pronouns（直接目的語代名詞 + 間接目的語代名詞の結合形）

Combining Direct and Indirect Pronouns

update:
語順は必ず、間接（誰々に）+直接（それ/それらを）となる。mi、ti、ci、vi は、次に lo、la、li、le、ne がくると、me、te、ce、ve に変わる。

gli/le（彼/彼女に）は lo、la、li、le、ne と結合して glie- と一語になる。

Me lo può fare vedere? 私にそれらを見せてもらえませんか。
Ho dimenticato i tuoi CD. Te li porterò domani. 君のCDを忘れてきてしまった。明日もってくるよ。
Pronto, sono Silvia. C'è Marco? - Si, te lo passo subito. はい、すぐに代わります。
Se non lo vuoi dire a Piero, glielo dirò io. 君がピエーロに言いたくないなら、僕が言うよ。
Hai visto la sciarpa di Angela? Gliel'ho regalata io! プレゼントしたのは僕だよ。

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There are many times when the same verb has both a direct object pronoun and indirect object pronoun. Usually, the indirect object pronoun precedes the direct object pronoun and the indirect object pronouns mi, ti, ci, and vi change to me, te, ce, and ve:

Renato porta il libro a me. (Renato brings the book to me.)
Renato me lo porta. (Renato brings it to me.)
Il professore insegna la lezione a voi. (The professor teaches the lesson to you.)
Il professore vi l'insegna. (The professor teaches you the lesson.)

For a complete chart of all the double object pronouns, see the table below.

DOUBLE OBJECT PRONOUNS

INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN	LO	LA	LI	LE	NE
（私に）mi	me lo	me la	me li	me le	me ne
（君に）ti	te lo	te la	te li	te le	te ne
（彼、彼女に）gli, le, （あなたに）Le	glielo	gliela	glieli	gliele	gliene
(私たちに）ci	ce lo	ce la	ce li	ce le	ce ne
（あなたたちに）vi	ve lo	ve la	ve li	ve le	ve ne
...loro	lo...loro	la...loro	li...loro	le...loro	ne...loro

Note the economy in words: gli, le, and Le become glie- before direct object pronouns and before ne, and combine with them to become one word.

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Indirect Object Pronouns（間接目的語代名詞）

Indirect Object Pronouns

update:
Ti porterò un bel mazzo dei fiori.
Gli è arrivato un telegramma. 彼に...届いた
Non lo do loro. 彼らにそれをあげない
Comunicategli la notizia!

Pensa di scrivermi qualche volta.
Pure riservandoci due posti, ne ha voluto un altro.
Datale una spinta, usci.

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Direct object nouns and pronouns answer the question what? or whom? Indirect object nouns and pronouns answer the question to whom? or for whom? In English the word to is often omitted: We gave a cookbook to Uncle John.— We gave Uncle John a cookbook. In Italian, the preposition a is always used before an indirect object noun.

Abbiamo regalato un libro di cucina allo zio Giovanni. (We gave a cookbook to Uncle John.)
Perché non regali un profumo alla mamma? (Why don't you give Mother some perfume?)
Puoi spiegare questa ricetta a Paolo? (Can you explain this recipe to Paul?)

Indirect object pronouns (i pronomi indiretti) replace indirect object nouns. They are identical in form to direct object pronouns, except for the third person forms gli, le, and loro.

SINGULAR	PLURAL
mi (to/for) me	ci (to/for) us
ti (to/for) you	vi (to/for) you
Le (to/for) you (formal m. and f.)	Loro (to/for) you (form., m. and f.)
gli (to/for) him	loro (to/for) them
le (to/for) her

Indirect object pronouns, like direct object pronouns, precede a conjugated verb, except for loro and Loro, which follow the verb.

Le ho dato tre ricette. (I gave her three recipes.)
Ci offrono un caffè. (They offer us a cup of coffee.)
Parliamo loro domani. (We'll talk to them tomorrow.)
Che cosa regali allo zio Giovanni? (What are you giving Uncle John?)
Gli regalo un libro di cucina. (I'll give him a cookbook.)

Indirect object pronouns are attached to an infinitive, and the –e of the infinitive is dropped.

Non ho tempo di parlargli. (I have no time to talk to him.)

If the infinitive is preceded by a form of dovere, potere, or volere, the indirect object pronoun is either attached to the infinitive (after the –e is dropped or placed before the conjugated verb).

Voglio parlargli. Gli voglio parlare. I want to talk to him.

Le and gli never elide before a verb beginning with a vowel or an h.

Le offro un caffè (I offer her a cup of coffee.)
Gli hanno detto «Ciao!» (They said "Ciao!" to him.)

Source

Direct Object Pronouns（直接目的語代名詞）

Direct Object Pronouns

update:
Mi guarda fisso. 見つめる
Li ho conosciuti bene.
Non mi hanno mai salutato.

Amami!
Rispettiamoli!
Non voglio disturbarti (= Non ti voglio disturbare).
Non metterlo (= Non lo mettere).
Guardandolo, mi tremavano le gambe.

Eccolo, il babbo!
Eccomi!

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Transitive verbs take direct objects—which can be direct object pronouns (i pronomi diretti). These pronouns are the person or thing affected by the action of the transitive verb and answer the question what? or whom? The forms of the Italian direct object pronouns appear in the following table.

SINGULAR	PLURAL
mi = me	ci = us
ti = you (informal)	vi = you (informal)
La = you (formal m. and f.)	Li = you (form., m.)
	Le = you (form., f.)
lo = him, it	li = them (m. and f.)
la = her, it	le = them (f.)

In Italian, a direct object pronoun is placed immediately before a conjugated verb:

Se vediamo i ragazzi, li invitiamo. (If we see the boys, we'll invite them.)
Compra la frutta e la mangia. (He buys the fruit and eats it.)

The only exception to that is when a sentence contains an infinitive. In this case, the object pronoun is attached to the end of it (note that the final -e of the infinitive is dropped):

È importante mangiarla ogni giorno. (It is important to eat it every day.)
È una buon'idea invitarli. (It's a good idea to invite them.)

In a negative sentence, the word non must come before the object pronoun:

Non la mangiano. (They don't eat it.)
Perché non li inviti? (Why don't you invite them?)

It is possible (but not necessary) to elide singular direct-object pronouns in front of verbs that begin with a vowel or forms of avere that begin with an h. However, the plural forms li and le are never elided:

M'ama, non m'ama. [Mi ama, non mi ama.] (He loves me, he loves me not.)
Il passaporto? Loro non l'hanno [lo hanno]. (The passport? They don't have it.)

A few Italian verbs that take a direct object, such as ascoltare, aspettare, cercare, and guardare, correspond to English verbs that are used with prepositions (to listen to, to wait for, to look for, to look at). Compare the following:

Chi cerchi? (Who are you looking for?)
Cerco il mio ragazzo. (I'm looking for my boyfriend.)
Lo cerco già da mezz'ora! (I've been looking for him for half an hour!)

Object pronouns are attached to ecco (here) to express the phrases "here I am," "here you are," "here he is," and so on:

Dov'è la signorina? Eccola! (Where is the young woman? Here she is!)
Hai trovato le chiavi? Sì, eccole! (Have you found the keys? Yes, here they are!)

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