Verb Essere

Verb Essere

update:
受動態には次の二つの型がある。
1)《助動詞　essere + 他動詞の過去分詞》
Giorgio è amato da tutti.
La finestra è sempre aperta.
「～によって」は前置詞 da を用いる。

2)《si + 他動詞能動態》
Si vede el mare.
Si vendono molti libri.

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Essere: 1 to be: La bambina è piccola. The child is small; Chi è? - Sono io. Who is it? - It's me; Siamo noi. it's us. 2 to be: Che ore sono? - Sono le quattro. What time is it? - It is four o'clock;

And on and on, for more than a page, in the Harper Collins Sansoni Italian Dictionary. As in English, essere is used in myriad grammatical and linguistic situations. Learning the many conjugations and uses of the verb is crucial to the study of the Italian language.
Essere is an irregular verb (un verbo irregolare); it does not follow a predictable pattern of conjugation. Note that the form sono is used with both io and loro. The present tense (il presente) of essere is as follows:

SINGOLARE	PLURALE
(io) sono I am	(noi) siamo we are
(tu) sei you are (fam.)	(voi) siete you are (fam.)
(Lei) è you are (form.)	(Loro) sono you are (form.)
(lui) è he is	(loro) sono they are (form.)

I Tempi Composti
The compound tenses are verb tenses, such as the passato prossimo, that consist of two words. The appropriate tense of avere or essere (called the auxiliary or helping verbs) and the past participle of the target verb forms the verb phrase.

When using essere, the past participle always agrees in gender and number with the subject of the verb. It can therefore have four endings: -o, -a, -i, -e. In many cases intransitive verbs (those that cannot take a direct object), especially those expressing motion, are conjugated with the auxiliary verb essere. The verb essere is also conjugated with itself as the auxiliary verb.

Some of the most common verbs that form compound tenses with essere include:

ITALIAN	ENGLISH
andare	to go
arrivare	to arrive
entrare	to enter
partire	to depart
restare	to stay, to remain
(ri)tornare	to return
uscire	to go out
venire	to come

Essere is used with di + name of a city to indicate city of origin (the city someone is from). To indicate country of origin, an adjective of nationality is generally used: He is from France + He is French = È francese.

Io sono di Chicago: tu di dove sei? (I'm from Chicago; where are you from?)

Essere + di + proper name is used to indicate possession. No apostrophe s is used in Italian to indicate possession: It is Anna's = It is of Anna = È di Anna.

Questa chitarra è di Beppino; non è di Vittoria. This guitar is Beppino's; it's not Vittoria's.)

To find out who the owner of something is, ask Di chi è + singular or Di chi sono + plural.

Di chi è questo cane? Di chi sono questi cani? (Whose dog is this? Whose dogs are these?)

Essere is also used as an auxiliary verb in the following cases:

— Reflexive verbs: those verbs whose action reverts to the subject, as in the following examples: I wash myself. They enjoy themselves.

— Impersonal form: as in the English equivalents one, you, we, they, or people + verb. Si mangia bene in Italia - People (They) eat well in Italy.

— Passive voice: in a passive construction the subject of the verb receives the action instead of doing it, as in the sentence: Caesar was killed by Brutus.

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